# Chemical

Reactivity:
Oxidizers, strong acids & bases, alkali metals, reducing agents

Synonyms:
Cetyl mercaptan, Hexadecanethiol-1, n-Hexadecanethiol, Hexadecyl mercaptan

Physical Description:
Colorless liquid or solid (below 64-68ºF) with a strong odor.


Synonyms:
Synonyms vary depending upon the specific Chromium(II) compound. [Note: Chromium(II) compounds include soluble chromous salts.]


Main Chemical Name:
CHROMIUM(VI) COMPOUNDS, as Cr, WATER SOLUBLE

Carcinogen:
IARC-1, NIOSH-Ca, NTP-K, TLV-A1, EPA-K/L*      *inhalation


First Aid:
Eye: Irrigate immediately  Skin: Soap wash promptly  Breathing: Respiratory support  Swallow: Medical attention immediately

Nonfire Spill Response:
Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Cautiously neutralize spilled liquid. Then wash away with plenty of water. (Extra personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours). [International Chemical Safety Card]

Firefighting:
Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Powder, AFFF, foam, carbon dioxide.

Reactivity:
The substance is a medium strong acid. Reacts with strong oxidants. Attacks many metals forming flammable/explosive gas (International Chemical Safety Card)

Symptoms:
irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; headache

Exposure Symptoms:
Irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; headache


General Desc:
White to reddish crystals or powder. [Note: Darkens on exposure to air. Often used in paste or wet cake form. Used as a basis for many dyes.]

First Aid:
Eye: Irrigate immediately Skin: Soap flush immediately Breathing: Respiratory support Swallow: Medical attention immediately

Nonfire Spill Response:
Sweep spilled substance into containers; if appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place. Chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. [International Chemical Safety Card]

Firefighting:
Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. NO open flames. Powder, water spray, foam, carbon dioxide. (International Chemical Safety Card]

Symptoms:
irritation eyes, nose; in animals: liver, kidney damage; [potential occupational carcinogen] [in animals: liver, bladder & mammary gland tumors]

Exposure Symptoms:
Irritation eyes, nose; in animals: liver, kidney damage; [potential occupational carcinogen]


First Aid:
Eyes: First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then take to a doctor. Skins:Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention. Inhalation: Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention. [International Chemical Safety Card]

Reactivity:
Reacts with acids, strong oxidants, strong reducing agents and water causing explosion and toxic hazard. Attacks various metals. [International Chemical Safety Card]

Symptoms:
irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; eye, skin burns; miosis, salivation, lacrimation (discharge of tears), twitching; Antabuse-like effects [NIOSH]

Synonyms:
Amidocyanogen, Carbimide, Carbodiimide, Cyanogen nitride, Hydrogen cyanamide [Note: Cyanamide is also a synonym for Calcium cyanamide.] [NIOSH]

Exposure Symptoms:
Irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; eye, skin burns; miosis, salivatrion, lacrimation (discharge of tears), twitching; Antabuse-like effects.


General Desc:
Colorless liquid with a sweet, turpentine-like odor.  Floats on water.

First Aid:
INHALATION:  move victim to fresh air; call a doctor; administer artificial respiration and oxygen if required.  
INGESTION:  give large amounts of water and induce vomiting; call a doctor.  
EYES:  flush with water for at least 15 min.  
SKIN:  wipe off; wash with soap and water.

Firefighting:
Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be Used: Water may be ineffective on fire.
Fire Extinguishing Agents: Foam, dry chemical, carbon dioxide

Reactivity:
No rapid reaction with air.  No rapid reaction with water.
CARENE may react vigorously with strong oxidizing agents. May react exothermically with reducing agents to release hydrogen gas.   In the presence of various catalysts (such as acids) or initiators, may undergo exothermic addition polymerization reactions. Will attack some forms of plastics.
REACTIVE GROUPS:
Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated.

Symptoms:
Inhalation causes headache, confusion, respiratory distress. Ingestion irritates entire digestive system and may injure kidneys; if liquid enters lungs, it causes severe pneumonitis.  Contact with eyes or skin causes irritation.


Reactivity:
Ammonia compounds, amines, oxidizers, reducing agents, combustible materials

Symptoms:
irritation eyes; conjunctivitis; methemoglobinemia; headache, impaired balance, vis disturbance; in animals: liver, kidney damage

Target Organ:
eyes, central nervous system, blood, liver, kidneys

Synonyms:
PGDN; Propylene glycol-1,2-dinitrate; 1,2-Propylene glycol dinitrate

Exposure Symptoms:
Irrit eyes; conj; methemo; head, impaired balance, vis dist; in animals: liver, kidney damage


General Desc:
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION:  Light cream-colored crystalline powder.

PHYSICAL DATA:  pH of 1% aqueous solution: 6.7.  Slight odor. (NTP, 1992)

Properties:
Melting Point:  450-451¦ F (decomposes) (NTP, 1992)

Molecular Weight:  404.82 (NTP, 1992)

IDLH:  2 mg/m3 (NIOSH, 1997)

Water Solubility:  greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 66¦ F (NTP, 1992)

Nonfire Spill Response:
SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE:  If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container.  Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material.  Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal.  Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution.  Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.STORAGE PRECAUTIONS:  You should protect this compound from light and store it under ambient temperatures. (NTP, 1992)

Reactivity:
STABILITY:  This chemical is stable in air, but not sunlight.  It may discolor on exposure to light.  Dilute aqueous solutions of this chemical are fairly stable to heat but labile to light.  Solutions are less stable to heat when acidic than when alkaline.  Solutions are most stable to light at pH 5 to 7.  Solutions are unstable to heat but not to light in the presence of copper, iron or zinc ions but not in the presence of calcium or magnesium ions.  Solutions of this chemical in water, DMSO, 95% ethanol or acetone should be stable for 24 hours when protected from light.REACTIVITY:  This chemical is incompatible with acids, iodine, heavy metal salts and many alkaloids.  This chemical can be absorbed by rubber caps.  It is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong bases.  The rate of oxidation for this compound is greatly increased by traces of copper ions. (NTP, 1992)

TLV NOTES:
BEI; ARYL MERCURY COMPOUNDS, as Hg; SKIN

REL NOTES:
TWA IS FOR Hg VAPOR, ARYL MERCURY COMPOUND, as Hg


General Desc:
Polychlorinated biphenyls are colorless, oily liquids.  They are much heavier than water and are insoluble in water.  They may burn if exposed to intense heat or flames for prolonged periods of time.  The primary hazard of these materials is their persistence in the environment and the potential for long term chronic environmental and health risks.  Immediate steps should be taken to limit their spread to the environment.  Since it is a liquid it can easily penetrate the soil and contaminate groundwater and nearby streams. (¬ AAR, 1999)

Properties:
Flash Point:  >286¦ F (USCG, 1999)

Melting Point:  50¦ F (NIOSH, 1997)

Vapor Pressure:  0.00006 mm (NIOSH, 1997)

Specific Gravity:  1.38 at 77 ¦F (NIOSH, 1997)

Boiling Point:  Very high at 760 mm (USCG, 1999)

Molecular Weight:  326 (NIOSH, 1997)

IDLH:  5 mg/m3; Not applicable for Chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine), a potential human carcinogen. (NIOSH, 1997)

TLV TWA:  0.5 mg/m3  For chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine).  Skin. (¬ACGIH, 1999)

TLV STEL:  1 mg/m3  For chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine).  Skin. (¬ACGIH, 1999)

Water Solubility:  Insoluble (NIOSH, 1997)

Firefighting:
Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.  Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.  Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.  Apply water from as far a distance as possible. ( AAR, 1999)

REL NOTES:
CARCINOGEN (Ca); TWA applies to other PCBs

Symptoms:
irritated eyes; chloracne; liver damage; (carcinogenic)

Physical Description:
Colorless to light-colored, viscous liquid with a mild, hydrocarbon odor.

Exposure Symptoms:
Irrit eyes; chloracne; liver damage; repro effects; [carc]

86 REL Notes:
Carcinogen; TWA is the minimum reliably detectable concentration


REL NOTES:
CARCINOGEN (Ca), REL ALSO APPLIES TO OTHER PCBs

Symptoms:
eye, skin irritation; acneform dermatitis  (carcinogenic) in animals:  liver damage

Physical Description:
Colorless to pale-yellow, viscous liquid or solid (below 50ºF) with a mild, hydrocarbon odor.

Exposure Symptoms:
Irrit eyes, chloracne; liver damage; repro effects; [carc]


General Desc:
Pale yellow oil. Used as an insecticide.  Not registered as a pesticide in the U.S.

First Aid:
Warning: Demeton-s-methyl is readily absorbed through the skin.
Note: Demeton-s-methyl is a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to demeton-S-methyl may require decontamination and life support for the victims.  Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination.  Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary.  Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:
1.  Move victims to fresh air.  Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to demeton-S-methyl.
2.  Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma.  If no pulse is detected, provide CPR.  If not breathing, provide artificial respiration.  If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.
3.  Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.
4.  Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:
1.  Remove victims from exposure.  Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to demeton-S-methyl.
2.  Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma.  If no pulse is detected, provide CPR.  If not breathing, provide artificial respiration.  If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.
3.  Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.
4.  If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.
5.  Wash exposed skin areas three times with soap and water.
6.  Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.
7.  Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:
1.  Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma.  If no pulse is detected, provide CPR.  If not breathing, provide artificial respiration.  If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.
2.  Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.
3.  Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac.  If elapsed time since ingestion of demeton-s-methyl is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step 
4.Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of demeton-s-methyl may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness.  Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma.  If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step 
4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz).  Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water.  If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered.  Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims.  If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.
4.  Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert.  Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.
5.  Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims.  Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.
6.  Transport to a health care facility.

Nonfire Spill Response:
This compound is a liquid organophosphorus insecticide. Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do so without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors. 

Small spills: absorb with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal. 

Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal.

Firefighting:
This compound is a liquid organophosphorus insecticide. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site.

Small fires: dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. Large fires: water spray, fog or foam. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

Reactivity:
No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.
Organophosphates, such as DEMETON-S-METHYL, are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides.  Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides.

REACTIVE GROUPS:
Phosphates and Thiophosphates, Organic.

TLV NOTES:
BEI; SEN; SKIN; VAPOR AND AEROSOL; MEASURED AS THE INHALABLE FRACTION AND VAPOR

Symptoms:
Signs and Symptoms of Acute Demeton-S-Methyl Exposure: Acute exposure to demeton-S-methyl may produce the following signs and symptoms: pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, headache, dizziness, muscle spasms, and profound weakness.  Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, seizures, and coma may also occur.  The heart rate may decrease following oral exposure or increase following dermal exposure.  Hypotension (low blood pressure) is not uncommon.  Respiratory symptoms include dyspnea (shortness of breath), respiratory depression, and respiratory paralysis.  Psychosis may occur.

Health Effects:
It inhibits the nervous system and is absorbed readily through the skin. This compound is a liquid organophosphorus insecticide. Poisonous; may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes.

Synonyms:
ETHANETHIOL, 2-(ETHYLTHIO)-, S-ESTER WITH O,O-DIMETHYL PHOSPHOROTHIOATE


General Desc:
A colorless crystalline solid melting at 49°F.  Corrosive to metals and tissue.

First Aid:
EYES:  First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.  Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.  Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.  IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:  IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.  Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.  IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.  IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION:  IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.  If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital.  Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.  Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:  DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.  Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and, in addition, have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems.  If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.  IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.  If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.  DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.  Transport the victim IMMEDIATELY to a hospital.

Nonfire Spill Response:
Keep material out of water sources and sewers.  Build dikes to contain flow as necessary.  Neutralize spilled material with crushed limestone, soda ash, or lime.

Firefighting:
Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire.  (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.)  Use water in flooding quantities as fog.  Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.  Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

Reactivity:
Soluble in water.
DICHLOROACETIC ACID is probably hygroscopic. This chemical reacts with water or steam.  It is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases and strong reducing agents.

Health Effects:
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.  Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.  Avoid any skin contact.  Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.


Synonyms:
Aluminum oxide, Aluminum trioxide, Corundum, Impure corundum, Natural aluminum oxide


General Desc:
White, odorless, crystalline powder. (NIOSH, 1997)

Properties:
Melting Point:  3632¦ F (NIOSH, 1997)

Vapor Pressure:  0 mm (approx) (NIOSH, 1997)

Specific Gravity:  4.0 (NIOSH, 1997)

Boiling Point:  5396¦F (NIOSH, 1997)

Molecular Weight:  101.9 (NIOSH, 1997)

Water Solubility:  Insoluble (NIOSH, 1997)

First Aid:
Eye: If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Skin: Blot/brush away; Breathing: If a person breaths large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. Other measures are usually unnecessary. Swallow: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 1997)

Reactivity:
CHEMICAL PROFILE:   Alkali metal hydroxides, acids, anhydrous chlorides of iron, tin, and aluminum, pure oxides of iron and aluminum, and metallic potassium are some of the catalysts that may cause ethylene oxide to rearrange and polymerize, liberating heat (J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 68:179 1949). (REACTIVITY, 1999)

Synonyms:
alpha-Alumina, Alumina, Aluminum trioxide [Note: alpha-Alumina is the main component of technical grade alumina. Corundum is natural Al2O3. Emery is an impure crystalline variety of Al2O3.]


# Hazwoper

HelpText:
29 CFR 1910.120 / 1926.65 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response

   (f)
       Medical surveillance -

  (f)(1)
       General. Employees engaged in operations specified in paragraphs (a)(1)(i) through (a)(1)(iv) of
       this section and not covered by (a)(2)(iii) exceptions and employers of employees specified in
       paragraph (q)(9) shall institute a medical surveillance program in accordance with this
       paragraph.

  (f)(2)
       Employees covered. The medical surveillance program shall be instituted by the employer for
       the following employees:

  (f)(2)(i)
       All employees who are or may be exposed to hazardous substances or health hazards at or
       above the established permissible exposure limit, above the published exposure levels for these
       substances, without regard to the use of respirators, for 30 days or more a year;

  (f)(2)(ii)
       All employees who wear a respirator for 30 days or more a year or as required by 1910.134;

  (f)(2)(iii)
       All employees who are injured, become ill or develop signs or symptoms due to possible
       overexposure involving hazardous substances or health hazards from an emergency response
       or hazardous waste operation; and

  (f)(2)(iv)
       Members of HAZMAT teams.

  (f)(3)
       Frequency of medical examinations and consultations. Medical examinations and
       consultations shall be made available by the employer to each employee covered under
       paragraph (f)(2) of this section on the following schedules:

  (f)(3)(i)
       For employees covered under paragraphs (f)(2)(i), (f)(2)(ii), and (f)(2)(iv);

  (f)(3)(i)(A)
       Prior to assignment;

  (f)(3)(i)(B)
       At least once every twelve months for each employee covered unless the attending physician
       believes a longer interval (not greater than biennially) is appropriate;

  (f)(3)(i)(C)
       At termination of employment or reassignment to an area where the employee would not be
       covered if the employee has not had an examination within the last six months.

  (f)(3)(i)(D)
       As soon as possible upon notification by an employee that the employee has developed signs
       or symptoms indicating possible overexposure to hazardous substances or health hazards, or
       that the employee has been injured or exposed above the permissible exposure limits or
       published exposure levels in an emergency situation;

  (f)(3)(i)(E)
       At more frequent times, if the examining physician determines that an increased frequency of
       examination is medically necessary.

  (f)(3)(ii)
       For employees covered under paragraph (f)(2)(iii) and for all employees including of employers
       covered by paragraph (a)(1)(iv) who may have been injured, received a health impairment,
       developed signs or symptoms which may have resulted from exposure to hazardous
       substances resulting from an emergency incident, or exposed during an emergency incident to
       hazardous substances at concentrations above the permissible exposure limits or the
       published exposure levels without the necessary personal protective equipment being used:

  (f)(3)(ii)(A)
       As soon as possible following the emergency incident or development of signs or symptoms;

  (f)(3)(ii)(B)
       At additional times, if the examining physician determines that follow-up examinations or
       consultations are medically necessary.

  (f)(4)
       Content of medical examinations and consultations.

  (f)(4)(i)
       Medical examinations required by paragraph (f)(3) of this section shall include a medical and
       work history (or updated history if one is in the employee's file) with special emphasis on
       symptoms related to the handling of hazardous substances and health hazards, and to fitness
       for duty including the ability to wear any required PPE under conditions (i.e., temperature
       extremes) that may be expected at the work site.

  (f)(4)(ii)
       The content of medical examinations or consultations made available to employees pursuant to
       paragraph (f) shall be determined by the attending physician. The guidelines in the
       Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities (See
       Appendix D, reference # 10) should be consulted.

  (f)(5)
       Examination by a physician and costs. All medical examinations and procedures shall be
       performed by or under the supervision of a licensed physician, preferably one knowledgeable in
       occupational medicine, and shall be provided without cost to the employee, without loss of pay,
       and at a reasonable time and place.

  (f)(6)
       Information provided to the physician. The employer shall provide one copy of this standard and
       its appendices to the attending physician and in addition the following for each employee:

  (f)(6)(i)
       A description of the employee's duties as they relate to the employee's exposures,

  (f)(6)(ii)
       The employee's exposure levels or anticipated exposure levels.

  (f)(6)(iii)
       A description of any personal protective equipment used or to be used.

  (f)(6)(iv)
       Information from previous medical examinations of the employee which is not readily available
       to the examining physician.

  (f)(6)(v)
       Information required by 1910.134.

  (f)(7)
       Physician's written opinion.

  (f)(7)(i)
       The employer shall obtain and furnish the employee with a copy of a written opinion from the
       examining physician containing the following:

  (f)(7)(i)(A)
       The physician's opinion as to whether the employee has any detected medical conditions
       which would place the employee at increased risk of material impairment of the employee's
       health from work in hazardous waste operations or emergency response, or from respirator use.

  (f)(7)(i)(B)
       The physician's recommended limitations upon the employees assigned work.

  (f)(7)(i)(C)
       The results of the medical examination and tests if requested by the employee.

  (f)(7)(i)(D)
       A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the results of the
       medical examination and any medical conditions which require further examination or
       treatment.

  (f)(7)(ii)
       The written opinion obtained by the employer shall not reveal specific findings or diagnoses
       unrelated to occupational exposure.

  (f)(8)
       Recordkeeping.

  (f)(8)(i)
       An accurate record of the medical surveillance required by paragraph (f) of this section shall be
       retained. This record shall be retained for the period specified and meet the criteria of 29 CFR
       1910.20.

  (f)(8)(ii)
       The record required in paragraph (f)(8)(i) of this section shall include at least the following
       information:

  (f)(8)(ii)(A)
       The name and social security number of the employee;

  (f)(8)(ii)(B)
       Physicians' written opinions, recommended limitations and results of examinations and tests;

  (f)(8)(ii)(C)
       Any employee medical complaints related to exposure to hazardous substances;

  (f)(8)(ii)(D)
       A copy of the information provided to the examining physician by the employer, with the
       exception of the standard and its appendices.


HelpText:
29 CFR 1910.120 / 1926.65 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
 
  (l)
       Emergency response by employees at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites -

  (l)(1)
       Emergency response plan.

  (l)(1)(i)
       An emergency response plan shall be developed and implemented by all employers within the
       scope of paragraphs (a)(1)(i) through (ii) of this section. section to handle anticipated
       emergencies prior to the commencement of hazardous waste operations. The plan shall be in
       writing and available for inspection and copying by employees, their representatives, OSHA
       personnel and other governmental agencies with relevant responsibilities.

  (l)(1)(ii)
       Employers who will evacuate their employees from the danger area when an emergency
       occurs, and who do not permit any of their employees to assist in handling the emergency, are
       exempt from the requirements of this paragraph if they provide an emergency action plan
       complying with section 1910.38(a) of this part.

  (l)(2)
       Elements of an emergency response plan. The employer shall develop an emergency response
       plan for emergencies which shall address, as a minimum, the following:

  (l)(2)(i)
       Pre-emergency planning.

  (l)(2)(ii)
       Personnel roles, lines of authority, training, and communication.

  (l)(2)(iii)
       Emergency recognition and prevention.

  (l)(2)(iv)
       Safe distances and places of refuge.

  (l)(2)(v)
       Site security and control.

  (l)(2)(vi)
       Evacuation routes and procedures.

  (l)(2)(vii)
       Decontamination procedures which are not covered by the site safety and health plan.

  (l)(2)(viii)
       Emergency medical treatment and first aid.

  (l)(2)(ix)
       Emergency alerting and response procedures.

  (l)(2)(x)
       Critique of response and follow-up.

  (l)(2)(xi)
       PPE and emergency equipment.

  (l)(3)
       Procedures for handling emergency incidents.

  (l)(3)(i)
       In addition to the elements for the emergency response plan required in paragraph (l)(2) of this
       section, the following elements shall be included for emergency response plans:

  (l)(3)(i)(A)
       Site topography, layout, and prevailing weather conditions.

  (l)(3)(i)(B)
       Procedures for reporting incidents to local, state, and federal governmental agencies.

  (l)(3)(ii)
       The emergency response plan shall be a separate section of the Site Safety and Health Plan.

  (l)(3)(iii)
       The emergency response plan shall be compatible and integrated with the disaster, fire and/or
       emergency response plans of local, state, and federal agencies.

  (l)(3)(iv)
       The emergency response plan shall be rehearsed regularly as part of the overall training
       program for site operations.

  (l)(3)(v)
       The site emergency response plan shall be reviewed periodically and, as necessary, be
       amended to keep it current with new or changing site conditions or information.

  (l)(3)(vi)
       An employee alarm system shall be installed in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.165 to notify
       employees of an emergency situation, to stop work activities if necessary, to lower background
       noise in order to speed communication, and to begin emergency procedures.

  (l)(3)(vii)
       Based upon the information available at time of the emergency, the employer shall evaluate the
       incident and the site response capabilities and proceed with the appropriate steps to implement
       the site emergency response plan.


HelpText:
29 CFR 1910.120 / 1926.65 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response

  (j)
       Handling drums and containers -

  (j)(1)
       General.

  (j)(1)(i)
       Hazardous substances and contaminated, liquids and other residues shall be handled,
       transported, labeled, and disposed of in accordance with this paragraph.

  (j)(1)(ii)
       Drums and containers used during the clean-up shall meet the appropriate DOT, OSHA, and
       EPA regulations for the wastes that they contain.

  (j)(1)(iii)
       When practical, drums and containers shall be inspected and their integrity shall be assured
       prior to being moved. Drums or containers that cannot be inspected before being moved
       because of storage conditions (i.e., buried beneath the earth, stacked behind other drums,
       stacked several tiers high in a pile, etc.) shall be moved to an accessible location and
       inspected prior to further handling.

  (j)(1)(iv)
       Unlabeled drums and containers shall be considered to contain hazardous substances and
       handled accordingly until the contents are positively identified and labeled.

  (j)(1)(v)
       Site operations shall be organized to minimize the amount of drum or container movement.

  (j)(1)(vi)
       Prior to movement of drums or containers, all employees exposed to the transfer operation
       shall be warned of the potential hazards associated with the contents of the drums or
       containers.

  (j)(1)(vii)
       U.S. Department of Transportation specified salvage drums or containers and suitable
       quantities of proper absorbent shall be kept available and used in areas where spills, leaks, or
       ruptures may occur.

  (j)(1)(viii)
       Where major spills may occur, a spill containment program, which is part of the employer's
       safety and health program required in paragraph (b) of this section, shall be implemented to
       contain and isolate the entire volume of the hazardous substance being transferred.

  (j)(1)(ix)
       Drums and containers that cannot be moved without rupture, leakage, or spillage shall be
       emptied into a sound container using a device classified for the material being transferred.

  (j)(1)(x)
       A ground-penetrating system or other type of detection system or device shall be used to
       estimate the location and depth of buried drums or containers.

  (j)(1)(xi)
       Soil or covering material shall be removed with caution to prevent drum or container rupture.

  (j)(1)(xii)
       Fire extinguishing equipment meeting the requirements of 29 CFR Part 1910, Subpart L, shall
       be on hand and ready for use to control incipient fires.

  (j)(2)
       Opening drums and containers. The following procedures shall be followed in areas where
       drums or containers are being opened:

  (j)(2)(i)
       Where an airline respirator system is used, connections to the source of air supply shall be
       protected from contamination and the entire system shall be protected from physical damage.

  (j)(2)(ii)
       Employees not actually involved in opening drums or containers shall be kept a safe distance
       from the drums or containers being opened.

  (j)(2)(iii)
       If employees must work near or adjacent to drums or containers being opened, a suitable
       shield that does not interfere with the work operation shall be placed between the employee
       and the drums or containers being opened to protect the employee in case of accidental
       explosion.

  (j)(2)(iv)
       Controls for drum or container opening equipment, monitoring equipment, and fire suppression
       equipment shall be located behind the explosion-resistant barrier.

  (j)(2)(v)
       When there is a reasonable possibility of flammable atmospheres being present, material
       handling equipment and hand tools shall be of the type to prevent sources of ignition.

  (j)(2)(vi)
       Drums and containers shall be opened in such a manner that excess interior pressure will be
       safely relieved. If pressure cannot be relieved from a remote location, appropriate shielding shall
       be placed between the employee and the drums or containers to reduce the risk of employee
       injury.

  (j)(2)(vii)
       Employees shall not stand upon or work from drums or containers.

  (j)(3)
       Material handling equipment. Material handling equipment used to transfer drums and
       containers shall be selected, positioned and operated to minimize sources of ignition related to
       the equipment from igniting vapors released from ruptured drums or containers.

  (j)(4)
       Radioactive wastes. Drums and containers containing radioactive wastes shall not be handled
       until such time as their hazard to employees is properly assessed.

  (j)(5)
       Shock sensitive wastes. As a minimum, the following special precautions shall be taken when
       drums and containers containing or suspected of containing shock-sensitive wastes are
       handled:

  (j)(5)(i)
       All non-essential employees shall be evacuated from the area of transfer.

  (j)(5)(ii)
       Material handling equipment shall be provided with explosive containment devices or protective
       shields to protect equipment operators from exploding containers.

  (j)(5)(iii)
       An employee alarm system capable of being perceived above surrounding light and noise
       conditions shall be used to signal the commencement and completion of explosive waste
       handling activities.

  (j)(5)(iv)
       Continuous communications (i.e., portable radios, hand signals, telephones, as appropriate)
       shall be maintained between the employee-in-charge of the immediate handling area and both
       the site safety and health supervisor and the command post until such time as the handling
       operation is completed. Communication equipment or methods that could cause shock
       sensitive materials to explode shall not be used.

  (j)(5)(v)
       Drums and containers under pressure, as evidenced by bulging or swelling, shall not be moved
       until such time as the cause for excess pressure is determined and appropriate containment
       procedures have been implemented to protect employees from explosive relief of the drum.

  (j)(5)(vi)
       Drums and containers containing packaged laboratory wastes shall be considered to contain
       shock-sensitive or explosive materials until they have been characterized.

       Caution: Shipping of shock sensitive wastes may be prohibited under U.S. Department of
       Transportation regulations. Employers and their shippers should refer to 49 CFR 173.21 and
       173.50.

  (j)(6)
       Laboratory waste packs. In addition to the requirements of paragraph (j)(5) of this section, the
       following precautions shall be taken, as a minimum, in handling laboratory waste packs (lab
       packs):

  (j)(6)(i)
       Lab packs shall be opened only when necessary and then only by an individual knowledgeable
       in the inspection, classification, and segregation of the containers within the pack according to
       the hazards of the wastes.

  (j)(6)(ii)
       If crystalline material is noted on any container, the contents shall be handled as a
       shock-sensitive waste until the contents are identified.

  (j)(7)
       Sampling of drum and container contents. Sampling of containers and drums shall be done in
       accordance with a sampling procedure which is part of the site safety and health plan
       developed for and available to employees and others at the specific worksite.

  (j)(8)
       Shipping and transport.

  (j)(8)(i)
       Drums and containers shall be identified and classified prior to packaging for shipment.

  (j)(8)(ii)
       Drum or container staging areas shall be kept to the minimum number necessary to safely
       identify and classify materials and prepare them for transport.

  (j)(8)(iii)
       Staging areas shall be provided with adequate access and egress routes.

  (j)(8)(iv)
       Bulking of hazardous wastes shall be permitted only after a thorough characterization of the
       materials has been completed.

  (j)(9)
       Tank and vault procedures.

  (j)(9)(i)
       Tanks and vaults containing hazardous substances shall be handled in a manner similar to that
       for drums and containers, taking into consideration the size of the tank or vault.

  (j)(9)(ii)
       Appropriate tank or vault entry procedures as described in the employer's safety and health
       plan shall be followed whenever employees must enter a tank or vault.


HelpText:
29 CFR 1910.120 / 1926.65 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response

  (a)
       Scope, application, and definitions. -

  (a)(1)
       Scope. This section covers the following operations, unless the employer can demonstrate that
       the operation does not involve employee exposure or the reasonable possibility for employee
       exposure to safety or health hazards:

  (a)(1)(i)
       Clean-up operations required by a governmental body, whether Federal, state local or other
       involving hazardous substances that are conducted at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites
       (including, but not limited to, the EPA's National Priority Site List (NPL), state priority site lists,
       sites recommended for the EPA NPL, and initial investigations of government identified sites
       which are conducted before the presence or absence of hazardous substances has been
       ascertained;

  (a)(1)(ii)
       Corrective actions involving clean-up operations at sites covered by the Resource Conservation
       and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) as amended (42 U.S.C. 6901 et seq);

  (a)(1)(iii)
       Voluntary clean-up operations at sites recognized by Federal, state, local or other
       governmental bodies as uncontrolled hazardous waste sites;

  (a)(1)(iv)
       Operations involving hazardous waste that are conducted at treatment, storage, disposal (TSD)
       facilities regulated by 40 CFR Parts 264 and 265 pursuant to RCRA; or by agencies under
       agreement with U.S.E.P.A. to implement RCRA regulations; and

  (a)(1)(v)
       Emergency response operations for releases of, or substantial threats of releases of,
       hazardous substances without regard to the location of the hazard.

  (a)(2)
       Application.

  (a)(2)(i)
       All requirements of Part 1910 and Part 1926 of Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations
       apply pursuant to their terms to hazardous waste and emergency response operations whether
       covered by this section or not. If there is a conflict or overlap, the provision more protective of
       employee safety and health shall apply without regard to 29 CFR 1910.5(c)(1).

  (a)(2)(ii)
       Hazardous substance clean-up operations within the scope of paragraphs (a)(1)(i) through
       (a)(1)(iii) of this section must comply with all paragraphs of this section except paragraphs (p)
       and (q).

  (a)(2)(iii)
       Operations within the scope of paragraph (a)(1)(iv) of this section must comply only with the
       requirements of paragraph (p) of this section.

  Notes and Exceptions: 

  (a)(2)(iii)(A)
       All provisions of paragraph (p) of this section cover any treatment, storage or disposal (TSD)
       operation regulated by 40 CFR parts 264 and 265 or by state law authorized under RCRA, and
       required to have a permit or interim status from EPA pursuant to 40 CFR 270.1 or from a state
       agency pursuant to RCRA.

  (a)(2)(iii)(B)
       Employers who are not required to have a permit or interim status because they are
       conditionally exempt small quantity generators under 40 CFR 261.5 or are generators who
       qualify under 40 CFR 262.34 for exemptions from regulation under 40 CFR 262.34 for
       exemptions from regulation under 40 CFR parts 264, 265, and 270 ("excepted employers") are
       not covered by paragraphs (p)(1) through (p)(7) of this section. Excepted employers who are
       required by the EPA or state agency to have their employees engage in emergency response
       or who direct their employees to engage in emergency response are covered by paragraph
       (p)(8) of this section, and cannot be exempted by (p)(8)(i) of this section.

  (a)(2)(iii)(C)
       If an area is used primarily for treatment, storage or disposal, any emergency response
       operations in that area shall comply with paragraph (p) (8) of this section. In other areas not
       used primarily for treatment, storage, or disposal, any emergency response operations shall
       comply with paragraph (q) of this section. Compliance with the requirements of paragraph (q) of
       this section shall be deemed to be in compliance with the requirements of paragraph (p)(8) of
       this section.

  (a)(2)(iv)
       Emergency response operations for releases of, or substantial threats of releases of,
       hazardous substances which are not covered by paragraphs (a)(1)(i) through (a)(1)(iv) of this
       section must only comply with the requirements of paragraph (q) of this section.

  (a)(3)
       Definitions -

       "Buddy system" means a system of organizing employees into work groups in such a manner
       that each employee of the work group is designated to be observed by at least one other
       employee in the work group. The purpose of the buddy system is to provide rapid assistance to
       employees in the event of an emergency.

       "Clean-up operation" means an operation where hazardous substances are removed,
       contained, incinerated, neutralized,d stabilized, cleared-up, or in any other manner processed
       or handled with the ultimate goal of making the site safer for people or the environment.

       "Decontamination" means the removal of hazardous substances from employees and their
       equipment to the extent necessary to preclude the occurrence of foreseeable adverse health
       effects.

       "Emergency response" or "responding to emergencies" means a response effort by employees
       from outside the immediate release area or by other designated responders (i.e., mutual aid
       groups, local fire departments, etc.) to an occurrence which results, or is likely to result, in an
       uncontrolled release of a hazardous substance. Responses to incidental releases of hazardous
       substances where the substance can be absorbed, neutralized, or otherwise controlled at the
       time of release by employees in the immediate release area, or by maintenance personnel are
       not considered to be emergency responses within the scope of this standard. Responses to
       releases of hazardous substances where there is no potential safety or health hazard (i.e., fire,
       explosion, or chemical exposure) are not considered to be emergency responses.

       "Facility" means (A) any building, structure, installation, equipment, pipe or pipeline (including
       any pipe into a sewer or publicly owned treatment works), well, pit, pond, lagoon,
       impoundment, ditch, storage container, motor vehicle, rolling stock, or aircraft, or (B) any site
       or area where a hazardous substance has been deposited, stored, disposed of, or placed, or
       otherwise come to be located; but does not include any consumer product in consumer use or
       any water-borne vessel.

       "Hazardous materials response (HAZMAT) team" means an organized group of employees,
       designated by the employer, who are expected to perform work to handle and control actual or
       potential leaks or spills of hazardous substances requiring possible close approach to the
       substance. The team members perform responses to releases or potential releases of
       hazardous substances for the purpose of control or stabilization of the incident. A HAZMAT
       team is not a fire brigade nor is a typical fire brigade a HAZMAT team. A HAZMAT team,
       however, may be a separate component of a fire brigade or fire department.

       "Hazardous substance" means any substance designated or listed under (A) through (D) of this
       definition, exposure to which results or may result in adverse effects on the health or safety of
       employees:

       [A] Any substance defined under section 101(14) of CERCLA;

       [B] Any biologic agent and other disease causing agent which after release into the
       environment and upon exposure, ingestion, inhalation, or assimilation into any person, either
       directly from the environment or indirectly by ingestion through food chains, will or may
       reasonably be anticipated to cause death, disease, behavioral abnormalities, cancer, genetic
       mutation, physiological malfunctions (including malfunctions in reproduction) or physical
       deformations in such persons or their offspring.

       [C] Any substance listed by the U.S. Department of Transportation as hazardous materials
       under 49 CFR 172.101 and appendices; and

       [D] Hazardous waste as herein defined.

       "Hazardous waste" means -

       [A] A waste or combination of wastes as defined in 40 CFR 261.3, or

       [B] Those substances defined as hazardous wastes in 49 CFR 171.8.

       "Hazardous waste operation" means any operation conducted within the scope of this
       standard.

       "Hazardous waste site" or "Site" means any facility or location within the scope of this
       standard at which hazardous waste operations take place.

       "Health hazard" means a chemical, mixture of chemicals or a pathogen for which there is
       statistically significant evidence based on at least one study conducted in accordance with
       established scientific principles that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed
       employees. The term "health hazard" includes chemicals which are carcinogens, toxic or
       highly toxic agents, reproductive toxins, irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, hepatotoxins,
       nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, agents which act on the hematopoietic system, and agents which
       damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes. It also includes stress due to
       temperature extremes. Further definition of the terms used above can be found in Appendix A
       to 29 CFR 1910.1200.

       "IDLH" or "Immediately dangerous to life or health" means an atmospheric concentration of any
       toxic, corrosive or asphyxiant substance that poses an immediate threat to life or would
       interfere with an individual's ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere.

       "Oxygen deficiency" means that concentration of oxygen by volume below which atmosphere
       supplying respiratory protection must be provided. It exists in atmospheres where the
       percentage of oxygen by volume is less than 19.5 percent oxygen.

       "Permissible exposure limit" means the exposure, inhalation or dermal permissible exposure
       limit specified in 29 CFR Part 1910, Subparts G and Z.

       "Published exposure level" means the exposure limits published in "NIOSH Recommendations
       for Occupational Health Standards" dated 1986, which is incorporated by reference as specified
       in Sec. 1910.6, or if none is specified, the exposure limits published in the standards specified
       by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists in their publication
       "Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices for 1987 - 88" dated 1987, which is
       incorporated by reference as specified in Sec. 1910.6.

       "Post emergency response" means that portion of an emergency response performed after the
       immediate threat of a release has been stabilized or eliminated and clean-up of the site has
       begun. If post emergency response is performed by an employer's own employees who were
       part of the initial emergency response, it is considered to be part of the initial response and not
       post emergency response. However, if a group of an employer's own employees, separate from
       the group providing initial response, performs the clean-up operation, then the separate group of
       employees would be considered to be performing post-emergency response and subject to
       paragraph (q)(11) of this section.

       "Qualified person" means a person with specific training, knowledge and experience in the area
       for which the person has the responsibility and the authority to control.

       "Site safety and health supervisor (or official" means the individual located on a hazardous
       waste site who is responsible to the employer and has the authority and knowledge necessary
       to implement the site safety and health plan and verify compliance with applicable safety and
       health requirements.

       "Small quantity generator" means a generator of hazardous wastes who in any calendar month
       generates no more than 1,000 kilograms (2,205) pounds of hazardous waste in that month.

       "Uncontrolled hazardous waste site" means an area identified as an uncontrolled hazardous
       waste site by a governmental body, whether Federal, state, local or other where an
       accumulation of hazardous substances creates a threat to the health and safety of individuals
       or the environment or both. Some sites are found on public lands such as those created by
       former municipal, county or state landfills where illegal or poorly managed waste disposal has
       taken place. Other sites are found on private property, often belonging to generators or former
       generators of hazardous substance wastes. Examples of such sites include, but are not limited
       to, surface impoundments, landfills, dumps, and tank or drum farms. Normal operations at TSD
       sites are not covered by this definition.   

  (b)
       Safety and health program.

       NOTE TO (b): Safety and health programs developed and implemented to meet other federal,
       state, or local regulations are considered acceptable in meeting this requirement if they cover
       or are modified to cover the topics required in this paragraph. An additional or separate safety
       and health program is not required by this paragraph.

  (b)(1)
       General.

  (b)(1)(i)
       Employers shall develop and implement a written safety and health program for their employees
       involved in hazardous waste operations. The program shall be designed to identify, evaluate,
       and control safety and health hazards, and provide for emergency response for hazardous
       waste operations.

  (b)(1)(ii)
       The written safety and health program shall incorporate the following:

  (b)(1)(ii)(A)
       An organizational structure;

  (b)(1)(ii)(B)
       A comprehensive workplan;

  (b)(1)(ii)(C)
       A site-specific safety and health plan which need not repeat the employer's standard operating
       procedures required in paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(F) of this section;

  (b)(1)(ii)(D)
       The safety and health training program;

  (b)(1)(ii)(E)
       The medical surveillance program;

  (b)(1)(ii)(F)
       The employer's standard operating procedures for safety and health; and

  (b)(1)(ii)(G)
       Any necessary interface between general program and site specific activities.

  (b)(1)(iii)
       Site excavation. Site excavations created during initial site preparation or during hazardous
       waste operations shall be shored or sloped as appropriate to prevent accidental collapse in
       accordance with Subpart P of 29 CFR Part 1926.

  (b)(1)(iv)
       Contractors and sub-contractors. An employer who retains contractor or sub-contractor
       services for work in hazardous waste operations shall inform those contractors,
       sub-contractors, or their representatives of the site emergency response procedures and any
       potential fire, explosion, health, safety or other hazards of the hazardous waste operation that
       have been identified by the employer's information program.

  (b)(1)(v)
       Program availability. The written safety and health program shall be made available to any
       contractor or subcontractor or their representative who will be involved with the hazardous waste
       operation; to employees; to employee designated representatives; to OSHA personnel, and to
       personnel of other Federal, state, or local agencies with regulatory authority over the site.

  (b)(2)
       Organizational structure part of the site program. -

  (b)(2)(i)
       The organizational structure part of the program shall establish the specific chain of command
       and specify the overall responsibilities of supervisors and employees. It shall include, at a
       minimum, the following elements:

  (b)(2)(i)(A)
       A general supervisor who has the responsibility and authority to direct all hazardous waste
       operations.

  (b)(2)(i)(B)
       A site safety and health supervisor who has the responsibility and authority to develop and
       implement the site safety and health plan and verify compliance.

  (b)(2)(i)(C)
       All other personnel needed for hazardous waste site operations and emergency response and
       their general functions and responsibilities.

  (b)(2)(i)(D)
       The lines of authority, responsibility, and communication.

  (b)(2)(ii)
       The organizational structure shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to reflect the current
       status of waste site operations.

  (b)(3)
       Comprehensive workplan part of the site program. The comprehensive workplan part of the
       program shall address the tasks and objectives of the site operations and the logistics and
       resources required to reach those tasks and objectives.

  (b)(3)(i)
       The comprehensive workplan shall define anticipated clean-up activities as well as normal
       operating procedures which need not repeat the employer's procedures available elsewhere.

  (b)(3)(ii)
       The comprehensive workplan shall define work tasks and objectives and identify the methods
       for accomplishing those tasks and objectives.

  (b)(3)(iii)
       The comprehensive workplan shall establish personnel requirements for implementing the plan.

  (b)(3)(iv)
       The comprehensive workplan shall provide for the implementation of the training required in
       paragraph (e) of this section.

  (b)(3)(v)
       The comprehensive workplan shall provide for the implementation of the required informational
       programs required in paragraph (i) of this section.

  (b)(3)(vi)
       The comprehensive workplan shall provide for the implementation of the medical surveillance
       program described in paragraph (f) if this section.

  (b)(4)
       Site-specific safety and health plan part of the program. -

  (b)(4)(i)
       General. The site safety and health plan, which must be kept on site, shall address the safety
       and health hazards of each phase of site operation and include the requirements and
       procedures for employee protection.

  (b)(4)(ii)
       Elements. The site safety and health plan, as a minimum, shall address the following:

  (b)(4)(ii)(A)
       A safety and health risk or hazard analysis for each site task and operation found in the
       workplan.

  (b)(4)(ii)(B)
       Employee training assignments to assure compliance with paragraph (e) of this section.

  (b)(4)(ii)(C)
       Personal protective equipment to be used by employees for each of the site tasks and
       operations being conducted as required by the personal protective equipment program in
       paragraph (g)(5) of this section.

  (b)(4)(ii)(D)
       Medical surveillance requirements in accordance with the program in paragraph (f) of this
       section.

  (b)(4)(ii)(E)
       Frequency and types of air monitoring, personnel monitoring, and environmental sampling
       techniques and instrumentation to be used, including methods of maintenance and calibration
       of monitoring and sampling equipment to be used.

  (b)(4)(ii)(F)
       Site control measures in accordance with the site control program required in paragraph (d) of
       this section.

  (b)(4)(ii)(G)
       Decontamination procedures in accordance with paragraph (k) of this section.

  (b)(4)(ii)(H)
       An emergency response plan meeting the requirements of paragraph (l) of this section for safe
       and effective responses to emergencies, including the necessary PPE and other equipment.

  (b)(4)(ii)(I)
       Confined space entry procedures.

  (b)(4)(ii)(J)
       A spill containment program meeting the requirements of paragraph (j) of this section.

  (b)(4)(iii)
       Pre-entry briefing. The site specific safety and health plan shall provide for pre-entry briefings to
       be held prior to initiating any site activity, and at such other times as necessary to ensure that
       employees are apprised of the site safety and health plan and that this plan is being followed.
       The information and data obtained from site characterization and analysis work required in
       paragraph (c) of this section shall be used to prepare and update the site safety and health
       plan.

  (b)(4)(iv)
       Effectiveness of site safety an health plan. Inspections shall be conducted by the site safety
       and health supervisor or, in the absence of that individual, another individual who is
       knowledgeable in occupational safety and health, acting on behalf of the employer as
       necessary to determine the effectiveness of the site safety and health plan. Any deficiencies in
       the effectiveness of the site safety and health plan shall be corrected by the employer.     

  (c)
       Site characterization and analysis -

  (c)(1)
       General. Hazardous waste sites shall be evaluated in accordance with this paragraph to identify
       specific site hazards and to determine the appropriate safety and health control procedures
       needed to protect employees from the identified hazards.

  (c)(2)
       Preliminary evaluation. A preliminary evaluation of a site's characteristics shall be performed
       prior to site entry by a qualified person in order to aid in the selection of appropriate employee
       protection methods prior to site entry. Immediately after initial site entry, a more detailed
       evaluation of the site's specific characteristics shall be performed by a qualified person in order
       to further identify existing site hazards and to further aid in the selection of the appropriate
       engineering controls and personal protective equipment for the tasks to be performed.

  (c)(3)
       Hazard identification. All suspected conditions that may pose inhalation or skin absorption
       hazards that are immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) or other conditions that may
       cause death or serious harm shall be identified during the preliminary survey and evaluated
       during the detailed survey. Examples of such hazards include, but are not limited to, confined
       space entry, potentially explosive or flammable situations, visible vapor clouds, or areas where
       biological indicators such as dead animals or vegetation are located.

  (c)(4)
       Required information. The following information to the extent available shall be obtained by the
       employer prior to allowing employees to enter a site:

  (c)(4)(i)
       Location and approximate size of the site.

  (c)(4)(ii)
       Description of the response activity and/or the job task to be performed.

  (c)(4)(iii)
       Duration of the planned employee activity.

  (c)(4)(iv)
       Site topography and accessibility by air and roads.

  (c)(4)(v)
       Safety and health hazards expected at the site.

  (c)(4)(vi)
       Pathways for hazardous substance dispersion.

  (c)(4)(vii)
       Present status and capabilities of emergency response teams that would provide assistance to
       on-site employees at the time of an emergency.

  (c)(4)(viii)
       Hazardous substances and health hazards involved or expected at the site and their chemical
       and physical properties.

  (c)(5)
       Personal protective equipment (PPE) shall be provided and used during initial site entry in
       accordance with the following requirements:

  (c)(5)(i)
       Based upon the results of the preliminary site evaluation, an ensemble of PPE shall be
       selected and used during initial site entry which will provide protection to a level of exposure
       below permissible exposure limits and published exposure levels for known or suspected
       hazardous substances and health hazards and which will provide protection against other
       known and suspected hazards identified during the preliminary site evaluation. If there is no
       permissible exposure limit or published exposure level, the employer may use other published
       studies and information as a guide to appropriate personal protective equipment.

  (c)(5)(ii)
       If positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus is not used as part of the entry
       ensemble, and if respiratory protection is warranted by the potential hazards identified during
       the preliminary site evaluation, an escape self-contained breathing apparatus of at least five
       minute's duration shall be carried by employees during initial site entry.

  (c)(5)(iii)
       If the preliminary site evaluation does not produce sufficient information to identify the hazards
       or suspected hazards of the site an ensemble providing equivalent to Level B PPE shall be
       provided as minimum protection, and direct reading instruments shall be used as appropriate
       for identifying IDLH conditions. (See Appendix B for guidelines on Level B protective
       equipment.)

  (c)(5)(iv)
       Once the hazards of the site have been identified, the appropriate PPE shall be selected and
       used in accordance with paragraph (g) of this section.

  (c)(6)
       Monitoring. The following monitoring shall be conducted during initial site entry when the site
       evaluation produces information which shows the potential for ionizing radiation or IDLH
       conditions, or when the site information is not sufficient reasonably to eliminate these possible
       conditions:

  (c)(6)(i)
       Monitoring with direct reading instruments for hazardous levels of ionizing radiation.

  (c)(6)(ii)
       Monitoring the air with appropriate direct reading test equipment for (i.e., combustible gas
       meters, detector tubes) for IDLH and other conditions that may cause death or serious harm
       (combustible or explosive atmospheres, oxygen deficiency, toxic substances.)

  (c)(6)(iii)
       Visually observing for signs of actual or potential IDLH or other dangerous conditions.

  (c)(6)(iv)
       An ongoing air monitoring program in accordance with paragraph (h) of this section shall be
       implemented after site characterization has determined the site is safe for the start-up of
       operations.

  (c)(7)
       Risk identification. Once the presence and concentrations of specific hazardous substances
       and health hazards have been established, the risks associated with these substances shall be
       identified. Employees who will be working on the site shall be informed of any risks that have
       been identified. In situations covered by the Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR
       1910.1200, training required by that standard need not be duplicated.


   NOTE TO (c)(7). - Risks to consider include, but are not limited
  to:


   [a] Exposures exceeding the permissible exposure limits and
       published exposure levels.

   [b] IDLH Concentrations.

   [c] Potential Skin Absorption and Irritation Sources.

   [d] Potential Eye Irritation Sources.

   [e] Explosion Sensitivity and Flammability Ranges.

   [f] Oxygen deficiency.


  (c)(8)
       Employee notification. Any information concerning the chemical, physical, and toxicologic
       properties of each substance known or expected to be present on site that is available to the
       employer and relevant to the duties an employee is expected to perform shall be made
       available to the affected employees prior to the commencement of their work activities. The
       employer may utilize information developed for the hazard communication standard for this
       purpose. 

  (d)
       Site control.-

  (d)(1)
       General. Appropriate site control procedures shall be implemented to control employee
       exposure to hazardous substances before clean-up work begins.

  (d)(2)
       Site control program. A site control program for protecting employees which is part of the
       employer's site safety and health program required in paragraph (b) of this section shall be
       developed during the planning stages of a hazardous waste clean-up operation and modified as
       necessary as new information becomes available.

  (d)(3)
       Elements of the site control program. The site control program shall, as a minimum, include: A
       site map; site work zones; the use of a "buddy system"; site communications including alerting
       means for emergencies; the standard operating procedures or safe work practices; and,
       identification of the nearest medical assistance. Where these requirements are covered
       elsewhere they need not be repeated.  

  (e)
       Training. -

  (e)(1)
       General.

  (e)(1)(i)
       All employees working on site (such as but not limited to equipment operators, general laborers
       and others) exposed to hazardous substances, health hazards, or safety hazards and their
       supervisors and management responsible for the site shall receive training meeting the
       requirements of this paragraph before they are permitted to engage in hazardous waste
       operations that could expose them to hazardous substances, safety, or health hazards, and
       they shall receive review training as specified in this paragraph.

  (e)(1)(ii)
       Employees shall not be permitted to participate in or supervise field activities until they have
       been trained to a level required by their job function and responsibility.

  (e)(2)
       Elements to be covered. The training shall thoroughly cover the following:

  (e)(2)(i)
       Names of personnel and alternates responsible for site safety and health;

  (e)(2)(ii)
       Safety, health and other hazards present on the site;

  (e)(2)(iii)
       Use of PPE;

  (e)(2)(iv)
       Work practices by which the employee can minimize risks from hazards;

  (e)(2)(v)
       Safe use of engineering controls and equipment on the site;

  (e)(2)(vi)
       Medical surveillance requirements including recognition of symptoms and signs which might
       indicate over exposure to hazards; and

  (e)(2)(vii)
       The contents of paragraphs (G) through (J) of the site safety and health plan set forth in
       paragraph (b)(4)(ii) of this section.

  (e)(3)
       Initial training.

  (e)(3)(i)
       General site workers (such as equipment operators, general laborers and supervisory
       personnel) engaged in hazardous substance removal or other activities which expose or
       potentially expose workers to hazardous substances and health hazards shall receive a
       minimum of 40 hours of instruction off the site, and a minimum of three days actual field
       experience under the direct supervision of a trained experienced supervisor.

  (e)(3)(ii)
       Workers on site only occasionally for a specific limited task (such as, but not limited to, ground
       water monitoring, land surveying, or geophysical surveying) and who are unlikely to be exposed
       over permissible exposure limits and published exposure limits shall receive a minimum of 24
       hours of instruction off the site, and the minimum of one day actual field experience under the
       direct supervision of a trained, experienced supervisor.

  (e)(3)(iii)
       Workers regularly on site who work in areas which have been monitored and fully characterized
       indicating that exposures are under permissible exposure limits and published exposure limits
       where respirators are not necessary, and the characterization indicates that there are no health
       hazards or the possibility of an emergency developing, shall receive a minimum of 24 hours of
       instruction off the site, and the minimum of one day actual field experience under the direct
       supervision of a trained, experienced supervisor.

  (e)(3)(iv)
       Workers with 24 hours of training who are covered by paragraphs (e)(3)(ii) and (e)(3)(iii) of this
       section, and who become general site workers or who are required to wear respirators, shall
       have the additional 16 hours and two days of training necessary to total the training specified in
       paragraph (e)(3)(i).

  (e)(4)
       Management and supervisor training. On-site management and supervisors directly responsible
       for or who supervise employees engaged in hazardous waste operations shall receive 40 hours
       initial and three days of supervised field experience (the training may be reduced to 24 hours
       and one day if the only area of their responsibility is employees covered by paragraphs (e)(3)(ii)
       and (e)(3)(iii) and at least eight additional hours of specialized training at the time of job
       assignment on such topics as, but no limited to, the employer's safety and health program,
       personal protective equipment program, spill containment program, and health hazard
       monitoring procedure and techniques.

  (e)(5)
       Qualifications for trainers. Trainers shall be qualified to instruct employees about the subject
       matter that is being presented in training. Such trainers shall have satisfactorily completed a
       training program for teaching the subjects they are expected to teach, or they shall have the
       academic credentials and instructional experience necessary for teaching the subjects.
       Instructors shall demonstrate competent instructional skills and knowledge of the applicable
       subject matter.

  (e)(6)
       Training certification. Employees and supervisors that have received and successfully
       completed the training and field experience specified in paragraphs (e)(1) through (e)(4) of this
       section shall be certified by their instructor or the head instructor and trained supervisor as
       having completed the necessary training. A written certificate shall be given to each person so
       certified. Any person who has not been so certified or who does not meet the requirements of
       paragraph (e)(9) of this section shall be prohibited from engaging in hazardous waste
       operations.

  (e)(7)
       Emergency response. Employees who are engaged in responding to hazardous emergency
       situations at hazardous waste clean-up sites that may expose them to hazardous substances
       shall be trained in how to respond to such expected emergencies.

  (e)(8)
       Refresher training. Employees specified in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, and managers and
       supervisors specified in paragraph (e)(4) of this section, shall receive eight hours of refresher
       training annually on the items specified in paragraph (e)(2) and/or (e)(4) of this section, any
       critique of incidents that have occurred in the past year that can serve as training examples of
       related work, and other relevant topics.

  (e)(9)
       Equivalent training. Employers who can show by documentation or certification that an
       employee's work experience and/or training has resulted in training equivalent to that training
       required in paragraphs (e)(1) through (e)(4) of this section shall not be required to provide the
       initial training requirements of those paragraphs to such employees and shall provide a copy of
       the certification or documentation to the employee upon request. However, certified employees
       or employees with equivalent training new to a site shall receive appropriate, site specific
       training before site entry and have appropriate supervised field experience at the new site.
       Equivalent training includes any academic training or the training that existing employees might
       have already received from actual hazardous waste site experience.

  (f)
       Medical surveillance -

  (f)(1)
       General. Employees engaged in operations specified in paragraphs (a)(1)(i) through (a)(1)(iv) of
       this section and not covered by (a)(2)(iii) exceptions and employers of employees specified in
       paragraph (q)(9) shall institute a medical surveillance program in accordance with this
       paragraph.

  (f)(2)
       Employees covered. The medical surveillance program shall be instituted by the employer for
       the following employees:

  (f)(2)(i)
       All employees who are or may be exposed to hazardous substances or health hazards at or
       above the established permissible exposure limit, above the published exposure levels for these
       substances, without regard to the use of respirators, for 30 days or more a year;

  (f)(2)(ii)
       All employees who wear a respirator for 30 days or more a year or as required by 1910.134;

  (f)(2)(iii)
       All employees who are injured, become ill or develop signs or symptoms due to possible
       overexposure involving hazardous substances or health hazards from an emergency response
       or hazardous waste operation; and

  (f)(2)(iv)
       Members of HAZMAT teams.

  (f)(3)
       Frequency of medical examinations and consultations. Medical examinations and
       consultations shall be made available by the employer to each employee covered under
       paragraph (f)(2) of this section on the following schedules:

  (f)(3)(i)
       For employees covered under paragraphs (f)(2)(i), (f)(2)(ii), and (f)(2)(iv);

  (f)(3)(i)(A)
       Prior to assignment;

  (f)(3)(i)(B)
       At least once every twelve months for each employee covered unless the attending physician
       believes a longer interval (not greater than biennially) is appropriate;

  (f)(3)(i)(C)
       At termination of employment or reassignment to an area where the employee would not be
       covered if the employee has not had an examination within the last six months.

  (f)(3)(i)(D)
       As soon as possible upon notification by an employee that the employee has developed signs
       or symptoms indicating possible overexposure to hazardous substances or health hazards, or
       that the employee has been injured or exposed above the permissible exposure limits or
       published exposure levels in an emergency situation;

  (f)(3)(i)(E)
       At more frequent times, if the examining physician determines that an increased frequency of
       examination is medically necessary.

  (f)(3)(ii)
       For employees covered under paragraph (f)(2)(iii) and for all employees including of employers
       covered by paragraph (a)(1)(iv) who may have been injured, received a health impairment,
       developed signs or symptoms which may have resulted from exposure to hazardous
       substances resulting from an emergency incident, or exposed during an emergency incident to
       hazardous substances at concentrations above the permissible exposure limits or the
       published exposure levels without the necessary personal protective equipment being used:

  (f)(3)(ii)(A)
       As soon as possible following the emergency incident or development of signs or symptoms;

  (f)(3)(ii)(B)
       At additional times, if the examining physician determines that follow-up examinations or
       consultations are medically necessary.

  (f)(4)
       Content of medical examinations and consultations.

  (f)(4)(i)
       Medical examinations required by paragraph (f)(3) of this section shall include a medical and
       work history (or updated history if one is in the employee's file) with special emphasis on
       symptoms related to the handling of hazardous substances and health hazards, and to fitness
       for duty including the ability to wear any required PPE under conditions (i.e., temperature
       extremes) that may be expected at the work site.

  (f)(4)(ii)
       The content of medical examinations or consultations made available to employees pursuant to
       paragraph (f) shall be determined by the attending physician. The guidelines in the
       Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities (See
       Appendix D, reference # 10) should be consulted.

  (f)(5)
       Examination by a physician and costs. All medical examinations and procedures shall be
       performed by or under the supervision of a licensed physician, preferably one knowledgeable in
       occupational medicine, and shall be provided without cost to the employee, without loss of pay,
       and at a reasonable time and place.

  (f)(6)
       Information provided to the physician. The employer shall provide one copy of this standard and
       its appendices to the attending physician and in addition the following for each employee:

  (f)(6)(i)
       A description of the employee's duties as they relate to the employee's exposures,

  (f)(6)(ii)
       The employee's exposure levels or anticipated exposure levels.

  (f)(6)(iii)
       A description of any personal protective equipment used or to be used.

  (f)(6)(iv)
       Information from previous medical examinations of the employee which is not readily available
       to the examining physician.

  (f)(6)(v)
       Information required by 1910.134.

  (f)(7)
       Physician's written opinion.

  (f)(7)(i)
       The employer shall obtain and furnish the employee with a copy of a written opinion from the
       examining physician containing the following:

  (f)(7)(i)(A)
       The physician's opinion as to whether the employee has any detected medical conditions
       which would place the employee at increased risk of material impairment of the employee's
       health from work in hazardous waste operations or emergency response, or from respirator use.

  (f)(7)(i)(B)
       The physician's recommended limitations upon the employees assigned work.

  (f)(7)(i)(C)
       The results of the medical examination and tests if requested by the employee.

  (f)(7)(i)(D)
       A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the results of the
       medical examination and any medical conditions which require further examination or
       treatment.

  (f)(7)(ii)
       The written opinion obtained by the employer shall not reveal specific findings or diagnoses
       unrelated to occupational exposure.

  (f)(8)
       Recordkeeping.

  (f)(8)(i)
       An accurate record of the medical surveillance required by paragraph (f) of this section shall be
       retained. This record shall be retained for the period specified and meet the criteria of 29 CFR
       1910.20.

  (f)(8)(ii)
       The record required in paragraph (f)(8)(i) of this section shall include at least the following
       information:

  (f)(8)(ii)(A)
       The name and social security number of the employee;

  (f)(8)(ii)(B)
       Physicians' written opinions, recommended limitations and results of examinations and tests;

  (f)(8)(ii)(C)
       Any employee medical complaints related to exposure to hazardous substances;

  (f)(8)(ii)(D)
       A copy of the information provided to the examining physician by the employer, with the
       exception of the standard and its appendices.

  (g)
       Engineering controls, work practices, and personal protective equipment for employee
       protection. Engineering controls, work practices and PPE for substances regulated in Subpart
       Z. (i) Engineering controls, work practices, personal protective equipment, or a combination of
       these shall be implemented in accordance with this paragraph to protect employees from
       exposure to hazardous substances and safety and health hazards.

  (g)(1)
       Engineering controls, work practices and PPE for substances regulated in Subparts G and Z.

  (g)(1)(i)
       Engineering controls and work practices shall be instituted to reduce and maintain employee
       exposure to or below the permissible exposure limits for substances regulated by 29 CFR Part
       1910, to the extent required by Subpart Z, except to the extent that such controls and
       practices are not feasible.

       NOTE TO (g)(1)(i): Engineering controls which may be feasible include the use of pressurized
       cabs or control booths on equipment, and/or the use of remotely operated material handling
       equipment. Work practices which may be feasible are removing all non-essential employees
       from potential exposure during opening of drums, wetting down dusty operations and locating
       employees upwind of possible hazards.

  (g)(1)(ii)
       Whenever engineering controls and work practices are not feasible, or not required, any
       reasonable combination of engineering controls, work practices and PPE shall be used to
       reduce and maintain to or below the permissible exposure limits or dose limits for substances
       regulated by 29 CFR Part 1910, Subpart Z.

  (g)(1)(iii)
       The employer shall not implement a schedule of employee rotation as a means of compliance
       with permissible exposure limits or dose limits except when there is no other feasible way of
       complying with the airborne or dermal dose limits for ionizing radiation.

  (g)(2)
       Engineering controls, work practices, and PPE for substances not regulated in Subparts G and
       Z. An appropriate combination of engineering controls, work practices, and personal protective
       equipment shall be used to reduce and maintain employee exposure to or below published
       exposure levels for hazardous substances and health hazards not regulated by 29 CFR Part
       1910, Subparts G and Z. The employer may use the published literature and MSDS as a guide
       in making the employer's determination as to what level of protection the employer believes is
       appropriate for hazardous substances and health hazards for which there is no permissible
       exposure limit or published exposure limit.

  (g)(3)
       Personal protective equipment selection.

  (g)(3)(i)
       Personal protective equipment (PPE) shall be selected and used which will protect employees
       from the hazards and potential hazards they are likely to encounter as identified during the site
       characterization and analysis.

  (g)(3)(ii)
       Personal protective equipment selection shall be based on an evaluation of the performance
       characteristics of the PPE relative to the requirements and limitations of the site, the
       task-specific conditions and duration, and the hazards and potential hazards identified at the
       site.

  (g)(3)(iii)
       Positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus, or positive pressure air-line respirators
       equipped with an escape air supply shall be used when chemical exposure levels present will
       create a substantial possibility of immediate death, immediate serious illness or injury, or
       impair the ability to escape.

  (g)(3)(iv)
       Totally-encapsulating chemical protective suits (protection equivalent to Level A protection as
       recommended in Appendix B) shall be used in conditions where skin absorption of a hazardous
       substance may result in a substantial possibility of immediate death, immediate serious illness
       or injury, or impair the ability to escape.

  (g)(3)(v)
       The level of protection provided by PPE selection shall be increased when additional information
       or site conditions show that increased protection is necessary to reduce employee exposures
       below permissible exposure limits and published exposure levels for hazardous substances and
       health hazards. (See Appendix B for guidance on selecting PPE ensembles.)

       NOTE TO (g)(3): The level of employee protection provided may be decreased when additional
       information or site conditions show that decreased protection will not result in hazardous
       exposures to employees.

  (g)(3)(vi)
       Personal protective equipment shall be selected and used to meet the requirements of 29 CFR
       Part 1910, Subpart I, and additional requirements specified in this section.

  (g)(4)
       Totally-encapsulating chemical protective suits.

  (g)(4)(i)
       Totally-encapsulating suits shall protect employees from the particular hazards which are
       identified during site characterization and analysis.

  (g)(4)(ii)
       Totally-encapsulating suits shall be capable of maintaining positive air pressure. (See Appendix
       A for a test method which may be used to evaluate this requirement.)

  (g)(4)(iii)
       Totally-encapsulating suits shall be capable of preventing inward test gas leakage of more than
       0.5 percent. (See Appendix A for a test method which may be used to evaluate this
       requirement.)

  (g)(5)
       Personal protective equipment (PPE) program. A personal protective equipment program, which
       is part of the employer's safety and health program required in paragraph (b) of this section or
       required in paragraph (p)(1) of this section and which is also a part of the site-specific safety
       and health plan shall be established. The PPE program shall address the elements listed
       below. When elements, such as donning and doffing procedures, are provided by the
       manufacturer of a piece of equipment and are attached to the plan, they need not be rewritten
       into the plan as long as they adequately address the procedure or element.

  (g)(5)(i)
       PPE selection based upon site hazards,

  (g)(5)(ii)
       PPE use and limitations of the equipment,

  (g)(5)(iii)
       Work mission duration,

  (g)(5)(iv)
       PPE maintenance and storage,

  (g)(5)(v)
       PPE decontamination and disposal,

  (g)(5)(vi)
       PPE training and proper fitting,

  (g)(5)(vii)
       PPE donning and doffing procedures,

  (g)(5)(viii)
       PPE inspection procedures prior to, during, and after use,

  (g)(5)(ix)
       Evaluation of the effectiveness of the PPE program, and

  (g)(5)(x)
       Limitations during temperature extremes, heat stress, and other appropriate medical
       considerations.

  (h)
       Monitoring. -

  (h)(1)
       General.

  (h)(1)(i)
       Monitoring shall be performed in accordance with this paragraph where there may be a question
       of employee exposure to hazardous concentrations of hazardous substances in order to assure
       proper selection of engineering controls, work practices and personal protective equipment so
       that employees are not exposed to levels which exceed permissible exposure limits, or
       published exposure levels if there are no permissible exposure limits, for hazardous
       substances.

  (h)(1)(ii)
       Air monitoring shall be used to identify and quantify airborne levels of hazardous substances
       and safety and health hazards in order to determine the appropriate level of employee
       protection needed on site.

  (h)(2)
       Initial entry. Upon initial entry, representative air monitoring shall be conducted to identify any
       IDLH condition, exposure over permissible exposure limits or published exposure levels,
       exposure over a radioactive material's dose limits or other dangerous condition such as the
       presence of flammable atmospheres, oxygen-deficient environments.

  (h)(3)
       Periodic monitoring. Periodic monitoring shall be conducted when the possibility of an IDLH
       condition or flammable atmosphere has developed or when there is indication that exposures
       may have risen over permissible exposure limits or published exposure levels since prior
       monitoring. Situations where it shall be considered whether the possibility that exposures have
       risen are as follows:

  (h)(3)(i)
       When work begins on a different portion of the site.

  (h)(3)(ii)
       When contaminants other than those previously identified are being handled.

  (h)(3)(iii)
       When a different type of operation is initiated (e.g., drum opening as opposed to exploratory
       well drilling.)

  (h)(3)(iv)
       When employees are handling leaking drums or containers or working in areas with obvious
       liquid contamination (e.g., a spill or lagoon.)

  (h)(4)
       Monitoring of high-risk employees. After the actual clean-up phase of any hazardous waste
       operation commences; for example, when soil, surface water or containers are moved or
       disturbed; the employer shall monitor those employees likely to have the highest exposures to
       those hazardous substances and health hazards likely to be present above permissible
       exposure limits or published exposure levels by using personal sampling frequently enough to
       characterize employee exposures. The employer may utilize a representative sampling
       approach by documenting that the employees and chemicals chosen for monitoring are based
       on the criteria stated in the first sentence of this paragraph. If the employees likely to have the
       highest exposure are over permissible exposure limits or published exposure limits, then
       monitoring shall continue to determine all employees likely to be above those limits. The
       employer may utilize a representative sampling approach by documenting that the employees
       and chemicals chosen for monitoring are based on the criteria stated above.

       NOTE TO (h): It is not required to monitor employees engaged in site characterization
       operations covered by paragraph (c) of this section.

  (i)
       Informational programs. Employers shall develop and implement a program which is part of the
       employer's safety and health program required in paragraph (b) of this section to inform
       employees, contractors, and subcontractors (or their representative) actually engaged in
       hazardous waste operations of the nature, level and degree of exposure likely as a result of
       participation in such hazardous waste operations. Employees, contractors and subcontractors
       working outside of the operations part of a site are not covered by this standard.


HelpText:
(j)
       Handling drums and containers -

  (j)(1)
       General.

  (j)(1)(i)
       Hazardous substances and contaminated, liquids and other residues shall be handled,
       transported, labeled, and disposed of in accordance with this paragraph.

  (j)(1)(ii)
       Drums and containers used during the clean-up shall meet the appropriate DOT, OSHA, and
       EPA regulations for the wastes that they contain.

  (j)(1)(iii)
       When practical, drums and containers shall be inspected and their integrity shall be assured
       prior to being moved. Drums or containers that cannot be inspected before being moved
       because of storage conditions (i.e., buried beneath the earth, stacked behind other drums,
       stacked several tiers high in a pile, etc.) shall be moved to an accessible location and
       inspected prior to further handling.

  (j)(1)(iv)
       Unlabeled drums and containers shall be considered to contain hazardous substances and
       handled accordingly until the contents are positively identified and labeled.

  (j)(1)(v)
       Site operations shall be organized to minimize the amount of drum or container movement.

  (j)(1)(vi)
       Prior to movement of drums or containers, all employees exposed to the transfer operation
       shall be warned of the potential hazards associated with the contents of the drums or
       containers.

  (j)(1)(vii)
       U.S. Department of Transportation specified salvage drums or containers and suitable
       quantities of proper absorbent shall be kept available and used in areas where spills, leaks, or
       ruptures may occur.

  (j)(1)(viii)
       Where major spills may occur, a spill containment program, which is part of the employer's
       safety and health program required in paragraph (b) of this section, shall be implemented to
       contain and isolate the entire volume of the hazardous substance being transferred.

  (j)(1)(ix)
       Drums and containers that cannot be moved without rupture, leakage, or spillage shall be
       emptied into a sound container using a device classified for the material being transferred.

  (j)(1)(x)
       A ground-penetrating system or other type of detection system or device shall be used to
       estimate the location and depth of buried drums or containers.

  (j)(1)(xi)
       Soil or covering material shall be removed with caution to prevent drum or container rupture.

  (j)(1)(xii)
       Fire extinguishing equipment meeting the requirements of 29 CFR Part 1910, Subpart L, shall
       be on hand and ready for use to control incipient fires.

  (j)(2)
       Opening drums and containers. The following procedures shall be followed in areas where
       drums or containers are being opened:

  (j)(2)(i)
       Where an airline respirator system is used, connections to the source of air supply shall be
       protected from contamination and the entire system shall be protected from physical damage.

  (j)(2)(ii)
       Employees not actually involved in opening drums or containers shall be kept a safe distance
       from the drums or containers being opened.

  (j)(2)(iii)
       If employees must work near or adjacent to drums or containers being opened, a suitable
       shield that does not interfere with the work operation shall be placed between the employee
       and the drums or containers being opened to protect the employee in case of accidental
       explosion.

  (j)(2)(iv)
       Controls for drum or container opening equipment, monitoring equipment, and fire suppression
       equipment shall be located behind the explosion-resistant barrier.

  (j)(2)(v)
       When there is a reasonable possibility of flammable atmospheres being present, material
       handling equipment and hand tools shall be of the type to prevent sources of ignition.

  (j)(2)(vi)
       Drums and containers shall be opened in such a manner that excess interior pressure will be
       safely relieved. If pressure cannot be relieved from a remote location, appropriate shielding shall
       be placed between the employee and the drums or containers to reduce the risk of employee
       injury.

  (j)(2)(vii)
       Employees shall not stand upon or work from drums or containers.

  (j)(3)
       Material handling equipment. Material handling equipment used to transfer drums and
       containers shall be selected, positioned and operated to minimize sources of ignition related to
       the equipment from igniting vapors released from ruptured drums or containers.

  (j)(4)
       Radioactive wastes. Drums and containers containing radioactive wastes shall not be handled
       until such time as their hazard to employees is properly assessed.

  (j)(5)
       Shock sensitive wastes. As a minimum, the following special precautions shall be taken when
       drums and containers containing or suspected of containing shock-sensitive wastes are
       handled:

  (j)(5)(i)
       All non-essential employees shall be evacuated from the area of transfer.

  (j)(5)(ii)
       Material handling equipment shall be provided with explosive containment devices or protective
       shields to protect equipment operators from exploding containers.

  (j)(5)(iii)
       An employee alarm system capable of being perceived above surrounding light and noise
       conditions shall be used to signal the commencement and completion of explosive waste
       handling activities.

  (j)(5)(iv)
       Continuous communications (i.e., portable radios, hand signals, telephones, as appropriate)
       shall be maintained between the employee-in-charge of the immediate handling area and both
       the site safety and health supervisor and the command post until such time as the handling
       operation is completed. Communication equipment or methods that could cause shock
       sensitive materials to explode shall not be used.

  (j)(5)(v)
       Drums and containers under pressure, as evidenced by bulging or swelling, shall not be moved
       until such time as the cause for excess pressure is determined and appropriate containment
       procedures have been implemented to protect employees from explosive relief of the drum.

  (j)(5)(vi)
       Drums and containers containing packaged laboratory wastes shall be considered to contain
       shock-sensitive or explosive materials until they have been characterized.

       Caution: Shipping of shock sensitive wastes may be prohibited under U.S. Department of
       Transportation regulations. Employers and their shippers should refer to 49 CFR 173.21 and
       173.50.

  (j)(6)
       Laboratory waste packs. In addition to the requirements of paragraph (j)(5) of this section, the
       following precautions shall be taken, as a minimum, in handling laboratory waste packs (lab
       packs):

  (j)(6)(i)
       Lab packs shall be opened only when necessary and then only by an individual knowledgeable
       in the inspection, classification, and segregation of the containers within the pack according to
       the hazards of the wastes.

  (j)(6)(ii)
       If crystalline material is noted on any container, the contents shall be handled as a
       shock-sensitive waste until the contents are identified.

  (j)(7)
       Sampling of drum and container contents. Sampling of containers and drums shall be done in
       accordance with a sampling procedure which is part of the site safety and health plan
       developed for and available to employees and others at the specific worksite.

  (j)(8)
       Shipping and transport.

  (j)(8)(i)
       Drums and containers shall be identified and classified prior to packaging for shipment.

  (j)(8)(ii)
       Drum or container staging areas shall be kept to the minimum number necessary to safely
       identify and classify materials and prepare them for transport.

  (j)(8)(iii)
       Staging areas shall be provided with adequate access and egress routes.

  (j)(8)(iv)
       Bulking of hazardous wastes shall be permitted only after a thorough characterization of the
       materials has been completed.

  (j)(9)
       Tank and vault procedures.

  (j)(9)(i)
       Tanks and vaults containing hazardous substances shall be handled in a manner similar to that
       for drums and containers, taking into consideration the size of the tank or vault.

  (j)(9)(ii)
       Appropriate tank or vault entry procedures as described in the employer's safety and health
       plan shall be followed whenever employees must enter a tank or vault.

  (k)
       Decontamination -

  (k)(1)
       General. Procedures for all phases of decontamination shall be developed and implemented in
       accordance with this paragraph.

  (k)(2)
       Decontamination procedures.

  (k)(2)(i)
       A decontamination procedure shall be developed, communicated to employees and
       implemented before any employees or equipment may enter areas on site where potential for
       exposure to hazardous substances exists.

  (k)(2)(ii)
       Standard operating procedures shall be developed to minimize employee contact with
       hazardous substances or with equipment that has contacted hazardous substances.

  (k)(2)(iii)
       All employees leaving a contaminated area shall be appropriately decontaminated; all
       contaminated clothing and equipment leaving a contaminated area shall be appropriately
       disposed of or decontaminated.

  (k)(2)(iv)
       Decontamination procedures shall be monitored by the site safety and health supervisor to
       determine their effectiveness. When such procedures are found to be ineffective, appropriate
       steps shall be taken to correct any deficiencies.

  (k)(3)
       Location. Decontamination shall be performed in geographical areas that will minimize the
       exposure of uncontaminated employees or equipment to contaminated employees or
       equipment.

  (k)(4)
       Equipment and solvents. All equipment and solvents used for decontamination shall be
       decontaminated or disposed of properly.

  (k)(5)
       Personal protective clothing and equipment.

  (k)(5)(i)
       Protective clothing and equipment shall be decontaminated, cleaned, laundered, maintained or
       replaced as needed to maintain their effectiveness.

  (k)(5)(ii)
       Employees whose non-impermeable clothing becomes wetted with hazardous substances shall
       immediately remove that clothing and proceed to shower. The clothing shall be disposed of or
       decontaminated before it is removed from the work zone.

  (k)(6)
       Unauthorized employees shall not remove protective clothing or equipment from change rooms.

  (k)(7)
       Commercial laundries or cleaning establishments. Commercial laundries or cleaning
       establishments that decontaminate protective clothing or equipment shall be informed of the
       potentially harmful effects of exposures to hazardous substances.

  (k)(8)
       Showers and change rooms. Where the decontamination procedure indicates a need for regular
       showers and change rooms outside of a contaminated area, they shall be provided and meet
       the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.141. If temperature conditions prevent the effective use of
       water, then other effective means for cleansing shall be provided and used. 

  (l)
       Emergency response by employees at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites -

  (l)(1)
       Emergency response plan.

  (l)(1)(i)
       An emergency response plan shall be developed and implemented by all employers within the
       scope of paragraphs (a)(1)(i) through (ii) of this section. section to handle anticipated
       emergencies prior to the commencement of hazardous waste operations. The plan shall be in
       writing and available for inspection and copying by employees, their representatives, OSHA
       personnel and other governmental agencies with relevant responsibilities.

  (l)(1)(ii)
       Employers who will evacuate their employees from the danger area when an emergency
       occurs, and who do not permit any of their employees to assist in handling the emergency, are
       exempt from the requirements of this paragraph if they provide an emergency action plan
       complying with section 1910.38(a) of this part.

  (l)(2)
       Elements of an emergency response plan. The employer shall develop an emergency response
       plan for emergencies which shall address, as a minimum, the following:

  (l)(2)(i)
       Pre-emergency planning.

  (l)(2)(ii)
       Personnel roles, lines of authority, training, and communication.

  (l)(2)(iii)
       Emergency recognition and prevention.

  (l)(2)(iv)
       Safe distances and places of refuge.

  (l)(2)(v)
       Site security and control.

  (l)(2)(vi)
       Evacuation routes and procedures.

  (l)(2)(vii)
       Decontamination procedures which are not covered by the site safety and health plan.

  (l)(2)(viii)
       Emergency medical treatment and first aid.

  (l)(2)(ix)
       Emergency alerting and response procedures.

  (l)(2)(x)
       Critique of response and follow-up.

  (l)(2)(xi)
       PPE and emergency equipment.

  (l)(3)
       Procedures for handling emergency incidents.

  (l)(3)(i)
       In addition to the elements for the emergency response plan required in paragraph (l)(2) of this
       section, the following elements shall be included for emergency response plans:

  (l)(3)(i)(A)
       Site topography, layout, and prevailing weather conditions.

  (l)(3)(i)(B)
       Procedures for reporting incidents to local, state, and federal governmental agencies.

  (l)(3)(ii)
       The emergency response plan shall be a separate section of the Site Safety and Health Plan.

  (l)(3)(iii)
       The emergency response plan shall be compatible and integrated with the disaster, fire and/or
       emergency response plans of local, state, and federal agencies.

  (l)(3)(iv)
       The emergency response plan shall be rehearsed regularly as part of the overall training
       program for site operations.

  (l)(3)(v)
       The site emergency response plan shall be reviewed periodically and, as necessary, be
       amended to keep it current with new or changing site conditions or information.

  (l)(3)(vi)
       An employee alarm system shall be installed in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.165 to notify
       employees of an emergency situation, to stop work activities if necessary, to lower background
       noise in order to speed communication, and to begin emergency procedures.

  (l)(3)(vii)
       Based upon the information available at time of the emergency, the employer shall evaluate the
       incident and the site response capabilities and proceed with the appropriate steps to implement
       the site emergency response plan.

  (m)
       Illumination. Areas accessible to employees shall be lighted to not less than the minimum
       illumination intensities listed in the following Table H-120.1 while any work is in progress:


   TABLE H-120.1. - MINIMUM ILLUMINATION INTENSITIES IN FOOT-CANDLES
  ____________________________________________________________________
                        |
  Foot-candles   |                  Area or operations
  _____________|_________________________________________________________
                        |
  5 ...................| General site areas.
  3 ...................| Excavation and waste areas, accessways, active
                        |   storage areas, loading platforms, refueling, and
                        |   field maintenance areas.
  5 ...................| Indoors: warehouses, corridors, hallways, and
                        |   exitways.
  5 ...................| Tunnels, shafts, and general underground work areas;
                        |   (Exception: minimum of 10 foot-candles is required
                        |   at tunnel and shaft heading during drilling,
                        |   mucking, and scaling. Mine Safety and Health
                        |   Administration approved cap lights shall be
                        |   acceptable for use in the tunnel heading.
  10 .................| General shops (e.g., mechanical and electrical
                        |   equipment rooms, active storerooms, barracks or
                        |   living quarters, locker or dressing rooms, dining
                        |   areas, and indoor toilets and workrooms.
  30 ......…...…...| First aid stations, infirmaries, and offices.
  _____________|_____________________________________________________

  (n)
       Sanitation at temporary workplaces -

  (n)(1)
       Potable water.

  (n)(1)(i)
       An adequate supply of potable water shall be provided on the site.

  (n)(1)(ii)
       Portable containers used to dispense drinking water shall be capable of being tightly closed,
       and equipped with a tap. Water shall not be dipped from containers.

  (n)(1)(iii)
       Any container used to distribute drinking water shall be clearly marked as to the nature of its
       contents and not used for any other purpose.

  (n)(1)(iv)
       Where single service cups (to be used but once) are supplied, both a sanitary container for the
       unused cups and a receptacle for disposing of the used cups shall be provided.

  (n)(2)
       Nonpotable water.

  (n)(2)(i)
       Outlets for nonpotable water, such as water for firefighting purposes shall be identified to
       indicate clearly that the water is unsafe and is not to be used for drinking, washing, or cooking
       purposes.

  (n)(2)(ii)
       There shall be no cross-connection, open or potential, between a system furnishing potable
       water and a system furnishing nonpotable water.

  (n)(3)
       Toilets facilities.

  (n)(3)(i)
       Toilets shall be provided for employees according to Table H-120.2.

             TABLE H-120.2. - TOILET FACILITIES
  _________________________________________________________________
                                                 |
  Number of employees                |  Minimum number of facilities
  ___________________________|______________________________________
                                                 |
  20 or fewer .........................…...| One.
  More than 20, fewer than 200.     | One toilet seat and 1 urinal per 40
                                                  |   employees.
  More than 200...........................| One toilet seat and 1 urinal per 50
                                                  |   employees.
  ___________________________|______________________________________


  (n)(3)(ii)
       Under temporary field conditions, provisions shall be made to assure not less than one toilet
       facility is available.

  (n)(3)(iii)
       Hazardous waste sites, not provided with a sanitary sewer, shall be provided with the following
       toilet facilities unless prohibited by local codes:

  (n)(3)(iii)(A)
       Chemical toilets;

  (n)(3)(iii)(B)
       Recirculating toilets;

  (n)(3)(iii)(C)
       Combustion toilets; or

  (n)(3)(iii)(D)
       Flush toilets.

  (n)(3)(iv)
       The requirements of this paragraph for sanitation facilities shall not apply to mobile crews
       having transportation readily available to nearby toilet facilities.

  (n)(3)(v)
       Doors entering toilet facilities shall be provided with entrance locks controlled from inside the
       facility.

  (n)(4)
       Food handling. All food service facilities and operations for employees shall meet the applicable
       laws, ordinances, and regulations of the jurisdictions in which they are located.

  (n)(5)
       Temporary sleeping quarters. When temporary sleeping quarters are provided, they shall be
       heated, ventilated, and lighted.

  (n)(6)
       Washing facilities. The employer shall provide adequate washing facilities for employees
       engaged in operations where hazardous substances may be harmful to employees. Such
       facilities shall be in near proximity to the worksite; in areas where exposures are below
       permissible exposure limits and which are under the controls of the employer; and shall be so
       equipped as to enable employees to remove hazardous substances from themselves.

  (n)(7)
       Showers and change rooms. When hazardous waste clean-up or removal operations
       commence on a site and the duration of the work will require six months or greater time to
       complete, the employer shall provide showers and change rooms for all employees exposed to
       hazardous substances and health hazards involved in hazardous waste clean-up or removal
       operations.

  (n)(7)(i)
       Showers shall be provided and shall meet the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.141(d)(3).

  (n)(7)(ii)
       Change rooms shall be provided and shall meet the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.141(e).
       Change rooms shall consist of two separate change areas separated by the shower area
       required in paragraph (n)(7)(i) of this section. One change area, with an exit leading off the
       worksite, shall provide employees with an area where they can put on, remove and store work
       clothing and personal protective equipment.

  (n)(7)(iii)
       Showers and change rooms shall be located in areas where exposures are below the
       permissible exposure limits and published exposure levels. If this cannot be accomplished,
       then a ventilation system shall be provided that will supply air that is below the permissible
       exposure limits and published exposure levels.

  (n)(7)(iv)
       Employers shall assure that employees shower at the end of their work shift and when leaving
       the hazardous waste site.

  (o)
       New technology programs.

  (o)(1)
       The employer shall develop and implement procedures for the introduction of effective new
       technologies and equipment developed for the improved protection of employees working with
       hazardous waste clean-up operations, and the same shall be implemented as part of the site
       safety and health program to assure that employee protection is being maintained.

  (o)(2)
       New technologies, equipment or control measures available to the industry, such as the use of
       foams, absorbents, absorbents, neutralizers, or other means to suppress the level of air
       contaminants while excavating the site or for spill control, shall be evaluated by employers or
       their representatives. Such an evaluation shall be done to determine the effectiveness of the
       new methods, materials, or equipment before implementing their use on a large scale for
       enhancing employee protection. Information and data from manufacturers or suppliers may be
       used as part of the employer's evaluation effort. Such evaluations shall be made available to
       OSHA upon request.


HelpText:
FULL TEXT OF 1910.120(a)-(o) WILL BE AVAILABLE HERE PRIOR TO POSTING ON BETTY.


HelpText:
29 CFR 1910.120 / 1926.65 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response

  (b)(2)
       Organizational structure part of the site program. -

  (b)(2)(i)
       The organizational structure part of the program shall establish the specific chain of command
       and specify the overall responsibilities of supervisors and employees. It shall include, at a
       minimum, the following elements:

  (b)(2)(i)(A)
       A general supervisor who has the responsibility and authority to direct all hazardous waste
       operations.

  (b)(2)(i)(B)
       A site safety and health supervisor who has the responsibility and authority to develop and
       implement the site safety and health plan and verify compliance.

  (b)(2)(i)(C)
       All other personnel needed for hazardous waste site operations and emergency response and
       their general functions and responsibilities.

  (b)(2)(i)(D)
       The lines of authority, responsibility, and communication.

  (b)(2)(ii)
       The organizational structure shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to reflect the current
       status of waste site operations.


HelpText:
29 CFR 1910 Subpart Q Welding, Cutting, and Brazing
1910.252(a) Fire prevention and protection

  (a)
       Fire prevention and protection.

  (a)(1)
       Basic precautions. For elaboration of these basic precautions and of the special
       precautions of paragraph (d)(2) of this section as well as a delineation of the fire
       protection and prevention responsibilities of welders and cutters, their supervisors
       (including outside contractors) and those in management on whose property
       cutting and welding is to be performed, see, Standard for Fire Prevention in Use of
       Cutting and Welding Processes, NFPA Standard 51B,1962, which is incorporated
       by reference as specified in Sec. 1910.6. The basic precautions for fire prevention
       in welding or cutting work are:

  (a)(1)(i)
       Fire hazards. If the object to be welded or cut cannot readily be moved, all
       movable fire hazards in the vicinity shall be taken to a safe place.

  (a)(1)(ii)
       Guards. If the object to be welded or cut cannot be moved and if all the fire
       hazards cannot be removed, then guards shall be used to confine the heat,
       sparks, and slag, and to protect the immovable fire hazards.

  (a)(1)(iii)
       Restrictions. If the requirements stated in paragraphs(a)(1)(i) and (a)(1)(ii) of this
       section cannot be followed then welding and cutting shall not be performed.

  (a)(2)
       Special precautions. When the nature of the work to be performed falls within the
       scope of paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section certain additional precautions may be
       necessary:

  (a)(2)(i)
       Combustible material. Wherever there are floor openings or cracks in the flooring
       that cannot be closed, precautions shall be taken so that no readily combustible
       materials on the floor below will be exposed to sparks which might drop through
       the floor. The same precautions shall be observed with regard to cracks or holes
       in walls, open doorways and open or broken windows.

  (a)(2)(ii)
       Fire extinguishers. Suitable fire extinguishing equipment shall be maintained in a
       state of readiness for instant use. Such equipment may consist of pails of water,
       buckets of sand, hose or portable extinguishers depending upon the nature and
       quantity of the combustible material exposed.

  (a)(2)(iii)
       Fire watch.

  (a)(2)(iii)(A)
       Fire watchers shall be required whenever welding or cutting is performed in
       locations where other than a minor fire might develop, or any of the following
       conditions exist:

  (a)(2)(iii)(A)(1)
       Appreciable combustible material, in building construction or contents, closer than
       35 feet (10.7 m) to the point of operation.

  (a)(2)(iii)(A)(2)
       Appreciable combustibles are more than 35 feet (10.7 m) away but are easily
       ignited by sparks.

  (a)(2)(iii)(A)(3)
       Wall or floor openings within a 35-foot (10.7 m) radius expose combustible
       material in adjacent areas including concealed spaces in walls or floors.

  (a)(2)(iii)(A)(4)
       Combustible materials are adjacent to the opposite side of metal partitions, walls,
       ceilings, or roofs and are likely to be ignited by conduction or radiation.

  (a)(2)(iii)(B)
       Fire watchers shall have fire extinguishing equipment readily available and be
       trained in its use. They shall be familiar with facilities for sounding an alarm in the
       event of a fire. They shall watch for fires in all exposed areas, try to extinguish
       them only when obviously within the capacity of the equipment available, or
       otherwise sound the alarm. A fire watch shall be maintained for at least a half
       hour after completion of welding or cutting operations to detect and extinguish
       possible smoldering fires.

  (a)(2)(iv)
       Authorization. Before cutting or welding is permitted, the area shall be inspected
       by the individual responsible for authorizing cutting and welding operations. He
       shall designate precautions to be followed in granting authorization to proceed
       preferably in the form of a written permit.

  (a)(2)(v)
       Floors. Where combustible materials such as paper clippings, wood shavings, or
       textile fibers are on the floor, the floor shall be swept clean for a radius of 35 feet
       (10.7 m). Combustible floors shall be kept wet, covered with damp sand, or
       protected by fire-resistant shields. Where floors have been wet down, personnel
       operating arc welding or cutting equipment shall be protected from possible shock.

  (a)(2)(vi)
       Prohibited areas. Cutting or welding shall not be permitted in the following
       situations:

  (a)(2)(vi)(A)
       In areas not authorized by management.

  (a)(2)(vi)(B)
       In sprinklered buildings while such protection is impaired.

  (a)(2)(vi)(C)
       In the presence of explosive atmospheres (mixtures of flammable gases, vapors,
       liquids, or dusts with air), or explosive atmospheres that may develop inside
uncleaned or improperly prepared tanks or equipment which have previously
       contained such materials, or that may develop in areas with an accumulation of
       combustible dusts.

  (a)(2)(vi)(D)
       In areas near the storage of large quantities of exposed, readily ignitable materials
       such as bulk sulfur, baled paper, or cotton.

  (a)(2)(vii)
       Relocation of combustibles. Where practicable, all combustibles shall be relocated
       at least 35 feet (10.7 m) from the work site. Where relocation is impracticable,
       combustibles shall be protected with flameproofed covers or otherwise shielded
       with metal or asbestos guards or curtains.

  (a)(2)(viii)
       Ducts. Ducts and conveyor systems that might carry sparks to distant
       combustibles shall be suitably protected or shut down.

  (a)(2)(ix)
       Combustible walls. Where cutting or welding is done near walls, partitions, ceiling
       or roof of combustible construction, fire-resistant shields or guards shall be
       provided to prevent ignition.

  (a)(2)(x)
       Noncombustible walls. If welding is to be done on a metal wall, partition, ceiling or
       roof, precautions shall be taken to prevent ignition of combustibles on the other
       side, due to conduction or radiation, preferably by relocating combustibles. Where
       combustibles are not relocated, a fire watch on the opposite side from the work
       shall be provided.

  (a)(2)(xi)
       Combustible cover. Welding shall not be attempted on a metal partition, wall,
       ceiling or roof having a combustible covering nor on walls or partitions of
       combustible sandwich-type panel construction.

  (a)(2)(xii)
       Pipes. Cutting or welding on pipes or other metal in contact with combustible
       walls, partitions, ceilings or roofs shall not be undertaken if the work is close
       enough to cause ignition by conduction.

  (a)(2)(xiii)
       Management. Management shall recognize its responsibility for the safe usage of
       cutting and welding equipment on its property and:

  (a)(2)(xiii)(A)
       Based on fire potentials of plant facilities, establish areas for cutting and welding,
       and establish procedures for cutting and welding, in other areas.

  (a)(2)(xiii)(B)
       Designate an individual responsible for authorizing cutting and welding operations
       in areas not specifically designed for such processes.

  (a)(2)(xiii)(C)
       Insist that cutters or welders and their supervisors are suitably trained in the safe
operation of their equipment and the safe use of the process.

  (a)(2)(xiii)(D)
       Advise all contractors about flammable materials or hazardous conditions of which
       they may not be aware.

  (a)(2)(xiv)
       Supervisor. The Supervisor:

  (a)(2)(xiv)(A)
       Shall be responsible for the safe handling of the cutting or welding equipment and
       the safe use of the cutting or welding process.

  (a)(2)(xiv)(B)
       Shall determine the combustible materials and hazardous areas present or likely to
       be present in the work location.

  (a)(2)(xiv)(C)
       Shall protect combustibles from ignition by the following:

  (a)(2)(xiv)(C)(1)
       Have the work moved to a location free from dangerous combustibles.

  (a)(2)(xiv)(C)(2)
       If the work cannot be moved, have the combustibles moved to a safe distance
       from the work or have the combustibles properly shielded against ignition.

  (a)(2)(xiv)(C)(3)
       See that cutting and welding are so scheduled that plant operations that might
       expose combustibles to ignition are not started during cutting or welding.

  (a)(2)(xiv)(D)
       Shall secure authorization for the cutting or welding operations from the
       designated management representative.

  (a)(2)(xiv)(E)
       Shall determine that the cutter or welder secures his approval that conditions are
       safe before going ahead.

  (a)(2)(xiv)(F)
       Shall determine that fire protection and extinguishing equipment are properly
       located at the site.

  (a)(2)(xiv)(G)
       Where fire watches are required, he shall see that they are available at the site.

  (a)(2)(xv)
       Fire prevention precautions. Cutting or welding shall be permitted only in areas
       that are or have been made fire safe. When work cannot be moved practically, as
       in most construction work, the area shall be made safe by removing combustibles
       or protecting combustibles from ignition sources.

  (a)(3)
       Welding or cutting containers.
(a)(3)(i)
       Used containers. No welding, cutting, or other hot work shall be performed on
       used drums, barrels, tanks or other containers until they have been cleaned so
       thoroughly as to make absolutely certain that there are no flammable materials
       present or any substances such as greases, tars, acids, or other materials which
       when subjected to heat, might produce flammable or toxic vapors. Any pipe lines
       or connections to the drum or vessel shall be disconnected or blanked.

  (a)(3)(ii)
       Venting and purging. All hollow spaces, cavities or containers shall be vented to
       permit the escape of air or gases before preheating, cutting or welding. Purging
       with inert gas is recommended.

  (a)(4)
       Confined spaces.

  (a)(4)(i)
       Accidental contact. When arc welding is to be suspended for any substantial
       period of time, such as during lunch or overnight, all electrodes shall be removed
       from the holders and the holders carefully located so that accidental contact
       cannot occur and the machine be disconnected from the power source.

  (a)(4)(ii)
       Torch valve. In order to eliminate the possibility of gas escaping through leaks or
       improperly closed valves, when gas welding or cutting, the torch valves shall be
       closed and the gas supply to the torch positively shut off at some point outside
       the confined area whenever the torch is not to be used for a substantial period of
       time, such as during lunch hour or overnight. Where practicable, the torch and
       hose shall also be removed from the confined space.


HelpText:
29 CFR 1910.120 / 1926.65 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response

   (e)
        Training. -

   (e)(1)
        General.

   (e)(1)(i)
        All employees working on site (such as but not limited to equipment operators,
        general laborers and others) exposed to hazardous substances, health hazards, or
        safety hazards and their supervisors and management responsible for the site shall
        receive training meeting the requirements of this paragraph before they are
        permitted to engage in hazardous waste operations that could expose them to
        hazardous substances, safety, or health hazards, and they shall receive review
        training as specified in this paragraph.

   (e)(1)(ii)
        Employees shall not be permitted to participate in or supervise field activities until
        they have been trained to a level required by their job function and responsibility.

   (e)(2)
        Elements to be covered. The training shall thoroughly cover the following:

   (e)(2)(i)
        Names of personnel and alternates responsible for site safety and health;

   (e)(2)(ii)
        Safety, health and other hazards present on the site;

   (e)(2)(iii)
        Use of PPE;

   (e)(2)(iv)
        Work practices by which the employee can minimize risks from hazards;

   (e)(2)(v)
        Safe use of engineering controls and equipment on the site;

   (e)(2)(vi)
        Medical surveillance requirements including recognition of symptoms and signs
        which might indicate over exposure to hazards; and

   (e)(2)(vii)
        The contents of paragraphs (G) through (J) of the site safety and health plan set
        forth in paragraph (b)(4)(ii) of this section.

   (e)(3)
        Initial training.

   (e)(3)(i)
        General site workers (such as equipment operators, general laborers and
        supervisory personnel) engaged in hazardous substance removal or other activities
        which expose or potentially expose workers to hazardous substances and health
        hazards shall receive a minimum of 40 hours of instruction off the site, and a
        minimum of three days actual field experience under the direct supervision of a
        trained experienced supervisor.

   (e)(3)(ii)
        Workers on site only occasionally for a specific limited task (such as, but not
        limited to, ground water monitoring, land surveying, or geophysical surveying) and
        who are unlikely to be exposed over permissible exposure limits and published
        exposure limits shall receive a minimum of 24 hours of instruction off the site, and
        the minimum of one day actual field experience under the direct supervision of a
        trained, experienced supervisor.

   (e)(3)(iii)
        Workers regularly on site who work in areas which have been monitored and fully
        characterized indicating that exposures are under permissible exposure limits and
        published exposure limits where respirators are not necessary, and the
        characterization indicates that there are no health hazards or the possibility of an
        emergency developing, shall receive a minimum of 24 hours of instruction off the
        site, and the minimum of one day actual field experience under the direct
        supervision of a trained, experienced supervisor.

   (e)(3)(iv)
        Workers with 24 hours of training who are covered by paragraphs (e)(3)(ii) and
        (e)(3)(iii) of this section, and who become general site workers or who are
        required to wear respirators, shall have the additional 16 hours and two days of
        training necessary to total the training specified in paragraph (e)(3)(i).

   (e)(4)
        Management and supervisor training. On-site management and supervisors directly
        responsible for or who supervise employees engaged in hazardous waste
        operations shall receive 40 hours initial and three days of supervised field
        experience (the training may be reduced to 24 hours and one day if the only area
        of their responsibility is employees covered by paragraphs (e)(3)(ii) and (e)(3)(iii)
        and at least eight additional hours of specialized training at the time of job
        assignment on such topics as, but no limited to, the employer's safety and health
        program, personal protective equipment program, spill containment program, and
        health hazard monitoring procedure and techniques.

   (e)(5)
        Qualifications for trainers. Trainers shall be qualified to instruct employees about
        the subject matter that is being presented in training. Such trainers shall have
        satisfactorily completed a training program for teaching the subjects they are
        expected to teach, or they shall have the academic credentials and instructional
        experience necessary for teaching the subjects. Instructors shall demonstrate
        competent instructional skills and knowledge of the applicable subject matter.

   (e)(6)
        Training certification. Employees and supervisors that have received and
        successfully completed the training and field experience specified in paragraphs
        (e)(1) through (e)(4) of this section shall be certified by their instructor or the
        head instructor and trained supervisor as having completed the necessary
        training. A written certificate shall be given to each person so certified. Any
        person who has not been so certified or who does not meet the requirements of
        paragraph (e)(9) of this section shall be prohibited from engaging in hazardous
        waste operations.

   (e)(7)
        Emergency response. Employees who are engaged in responding to hazardous
        emergency situations at hazardous waste clean-up sites that may expose them to
        hazardous substances shall be trained in how to respond to such expected
        emergencies.

   (e)(8)
        Refresher training. Employees specified in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, and
        managers and supervisors specified in paragraph (e)(4) of this section, shall
        receive eight hours of refresher training annually on the items specified in
        paragraph (e)(2) and/or (e)(4) of this section, any critique of incidents that have
        occurred in the past year that can serve as training examples of related work, and
        other relevant topics.

   (e)(9)
        Equivalent training. Employers who can show by documentation or certification
        that an employee's work experience and/or training has resulted in training
        equivalent to that training required in paragraphs (e)(1) through (e)(4) of this
        section shall not be required to provide the initial training requirements of those
        paragraphs to such employees and shall provide a copy of the certification or
        documentation to the employee upon request. However, certified employees or
        employees with equivalent training new to a site shall receive appropriate, site
        specific training before site entry and have appropriate supervised field experience
        at the new site. Equivalent training includes any academic training or the training
        that existing employees might have already received from actual hazardous waste
        site experience.


HelpText:
29 CFR 1910.146 Permit-Required Confined Spaces

   (a)
        Scope and application. This section contains requirements for practices and
        procedures to protect employees in general industry from the hazards of entry
        into permit-required confined spaces. This section does not apply to agriculture,
        to construction, or to shipyard employment (Parts 1928, 1926, and 1915 of this
        chapter, respectively).

   (b)
        Definitions.

        "Acceptable entry conditions" means the conditions that must exist in a permit
        space to allow entry and to ensure that employees involved with a
        permit-required confined space entry can safely enter into and work within the
        space.

        "Attendant" means an individual stationed outside one or more permit spaces who
        monitors the authorized entrants and who performs all attendant's duties assigned
        in the employer's permit space program.

        "Authorized entrant" means an employee who is authorized by the employer to
        enter a permit space.

        "Blanking or blinding" means the absolute closure of a pipe, line, or duct by the
        fastening of a solid plate (such as a spectacle blind or a skillet blind) that
        completely covers the bore and that is capable of withstanding the maximum
        pressure of the pipe, line, or duct with no leakage beyond the plate.

        "Confined space" means a space that:
        (1) Is large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter and
        perform assigned work; and
        (2) Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit (for example, tanks, vessels,
        silos, storage bins, hoppers, vaults, and pits are spaces that may have limited
        means of entry.); and
        (3) Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy.

        "Double block and bleed" means the closure of a line, duct, or pipe by closing and
        locking or tagging two in-line valves and by opening and locking or tagging a drain
        or vent valve in the line between the two closed valves.

        "Emergency" means any occurrence (including any failure of hazard control or
        monitoring equipment) or event internal or external to the permit space that could
        endanger entrants.

        "Engulfment" means the surrounding and effective capture of a person by a liquid
        or finely divided (flowable) solid substance that can be aspirated to cause death
        by filling or plugging the respiratory system or that can exert enough force on the
        body to cause death by strangulation, constriction, or crushing.

        "Entry" means the action by which a person passes through an opening into a
        permit-required confined space. Entry includes ensuing work activities in that
        space and is considered to have occurred as soon as any part of the entrant's
        body breaks the plane of an opening into the space.

        "Entry permit (permit)" means the written or printed document that is provided by
        the employer to allow and control entry into a permit space and that contains the
        information specified in paragraph (f) of this section.

        "Entry supervisor" means the person (such as the employer, foreman, or crew
        chief) responsible for determining if acceptable entry conditions are present at a
        permit space where entry is planned, for authorizing entry and overseeing entry
        operations, and for terminating entry as required by this section.
        NOTE: An entry supervisor also may serve as an attendant or as an authorized
        entrant, as long as that person is trained and equipped as required by this section
        for each role he or she fills. Also, the duties of entry supervisor may be passed
        from one individual to another during the course of an entry operation.

        "Hazardous atmosphere" means an atmosphere that may expose employees to the
        risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue (that is, escape
        unaided from a permit space), injury, or acute illness from one or more of the
        following causes:
        (1) Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10 percent of its lower flammable
        limit (LFL);
        (2) Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds its LFL;
        NOTE: This concentration may be approximated as a condition in which the dust
        obscures vision at a distance of 5 feet (1.52 m) or less.
        (3) Atmospheric oxygen concentration below 19.5 percent or above 23.5 percent;
        (4) Atmospheric concentration of any substance for which a dose or a permissible
        exposure limit is published in Subpart G, Occupational Health and Environmental
        Control, or in Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, of this Part and which
        could result in employee exposure in excess of its dose or permissible exposure
        limit;
        NOTE: An atmospheric concentration of any substance that is not capable of
        causing death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue, injury, or acute
        illness due to its health effects is not covered by this provision.
        (5) Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life or
        health.
        NOTE: For air contaminants for which OSHA has not determined a dose or
        permissible exposure limit, other sources of information, such as Material Safety
        Data Sheets that comply with the Hazard Communication Standard, section
        1910.1200 of this Part, published information, and internal documents can provide
        guidance in establishing acceptable atmospheric conditions.

        "Hot work permit" means the employer's written authorization to perform
        operations (for example, riveting, welding, cutting, burning, and heating) capable
        of providing a source of ignition.

        "Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH)" means any condition that poses
        an immediate or delayed threat to life or that would cause irreversible adverse
        health effects or that would interfere with an individual's ability to escape unaided
        from a permit space.
        NOTE: Some materials -- hydrogen fluoride gas and cadmium vapor, for example
        -- may produce immediate transient effects that, even if severe, may pass
        without medical attention, but are followed by sudden, possibly fatal collapse
        12-72 hours after exposure. The victim "feels normal" from recovery from transient
        effects until collapse. Such materials in hazardous quantities are considered to be
        "immediately" dangerous to life or health.

        "Inerting" means the displacement of the atmosphere in a permit space by a
        noncombustible gas (such as nitrogen) to such an extent that the resulting
        atmosphere is noncombustible.
        NOTE: This procedure produces an IDLH oxygen-deficient atmosphere.
        "Isolation" means the process by which a permit space is removed from service
        and completely protected against the release of energy and material into the
        space by such means as: blanking or blinding; misaligning or removing sections of
        lines, pipes, or ducts; a double block and bleed system; lockout or tagout of all
        sources of energy; or blocking or disconnecting all mechanical linkages.

        "Line breaking" means the intentional opening of a pipe, line, or duct that is or has
        been carrying flammable, corrosive, or toxic material, an inert gas, or any fluid at
        a volume, pressure, or temperature capable of causing injury.

        "Non-permit confined space" means a confined space that does not contain or,
        with respect to atmospheric hazards, have the potential to contain any hazard
        capable of causing death or serious physical harm.

        "Oxygen deficient atmosphere" means an atmosphere containing less than 19.5
        percent oxygen by volume.

        "Oxygen enriched atmosphere" means an atmosphere containing more than 23.5
        percent oxygen by volume.

        "Permit-required confined space (permit space)" means a confined space that has
        one or more of the following characteristics:
        (1) Contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere;
        (2) Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant;
        (3) Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or
        asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor which slopes downward and
        tapers to a smaller cross-section; or
        (4) Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard.
        "Permit-required confined space program (permit space program)" means the
        employer's overall program for controlling, and, where appropriate, for protecting
        employees from, permit space hazards and for regulating employee entry into
        permit spaces.

        "Permit system" means the employer's written procedure for preparing and issuing
        permits for entry and for returning the permit space to service following
        termination of entry.

        "Prohibited condition" means any condition in a permit space that is not allowed by
        the permit during the period when entry is authorized.

        "Rescue service" means the personnel designated to rescue employees from permit
        spaces.

        "Retrieval system" means the equipment (including a retrieval line, chest or
        full-body harness, wristlets, if appropriate, and a lifting device or anchor) used for
        non-entry rescue of persons from permit spaces.

        "Testing" means the process by which the hazards that may confront entrants of
        a permit space are identified and evaluated. Testing includes specifying the tests
        that are to be performed in the permit space.
        NOTE: Testing enables employers both to devise and implement adequate control
        measures for the protection of authorized entrants and to determine if acceptable
        entry conditions are present immediately prior to, and during, entry.

   (c)
        General requirements.

   (c)(1)
        The employer shall evaluate the workplace to determine if any spaces are
        permit-required confined spaces.
        NOTE: Proper application of the decision flow chart in Appendix A to section
        1910.146 would facilitate compliance with this requirement.

   (c)(2)
        If the workplace contains permit spaces, the employer shall inform exposed
        employees, by posting danger signs or by any other equally effective means, of
        the existence and location of and the danger posed by the permit spaces.
        NOTE: A sign reading DANGER -- PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE, DO NOT
        ENTER or using other similar language would satisfy the requirement for a sign.

   (c)(3)
        If the employer decides that its employees will not enter permit spaces, the
        employer shall take effective measures to prevent its employees from entering the
        permit spaces and shall comply with paragraphs (c)(1), (c)(2), (c)(6), and (c)(8)
        of this section.

   (c)(4)
        If the employer decides that its employees will enter permit spaces, the employer
        shall develop and implement a written permit space program that complies with
        this section. The written program shall be available for inspection by employees
        and their authorized representatives.

   (c)(5)
        An employer may use the alternate procedures specified in paragraph (c)(5)(ii) of
        this section for entering a permit space under the conditions set forth in
        paragraph (c)(5)(i) of this section.

   (c)(5)(i)
        An employer whose employees enter a permit space need not comply with
        paragraphs (d) through (f) and (h) through (k) of this section, provided that:

   (c)(5)(i)(A)
        The employer can demonstrate that the only hazard posed by the permit space is
        an actual or potential hazardous atmosphere;

   (c)(5)(i)(B)
        The employer can demonstrate that continuous forced air ventilation alone is
        sufficient to maintain that permit space safe for entry;

   (c)(5)(i)(C)
        The employer develops monitoring and inspection data that supports the
        demonstrations required by paragraphs (c)(5)(i)(A) and (c)(5)(i)(B) of this
        section;

   (c)(5)(i)(D)
        If an initial entry of the permit space is necessary to obtain the data required by
        paragraph (c)(5)(i)(C) of this section, the entry is performed in compliance with
        paragraphs (d) through (k) of this section;

   (c)(5)(i)(E)
        The determinations and supporting data required by paragraphs (c)(5)(i)(A),
        (c)(5)(i)(B), and (c)(5)(i)(C) of this section are documented by the employer and
        are made available to each employee who enters the permit space under the
        terms of paragraph (c)(5) of this section or to that employee's authorized
        representative; and

   (c)(5)(i)(F)
        Entry into the permit space under the terms of paragraph (c)(5)(i) of this section
        is performed in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (c)(5)(ii) of this
        section.
        NOTE: See paragraph (c)(7) of this section for reclassification of a permit space
        after all hazards within the space have been eliminated.

   (c)(5)(ii)
        The following requirements apply to entry into permit spaces that meet the
        conditions set forth in paragraph (c)(5)(i) of this section.

   (c)(5)(ii)(A)
        Any conditions making it unsafe to remove an entrance cover shall be eliminated
        before the cover is removed.

   (c)(5)(ii)(B)
        When entrance covers are removed, the opening shall be promptly guarded by a
        railing, temporary cover, or other temporary barrier that will prevent an accidental
        fall through the opening and that will protect each employee working in the space
        from foreign objects entering the space.

   (c)(5)(ii)(C)
        Before an employee enters the space, the internal atmosphere shall be tested,
        with a calibrated direct-reading instrument, for oxygen content, for flammable
        gases and vapors, and for potential toxic air contaminants, in that order. Any
        employee who enters the space, or that employee's authorized representative,
        shall be provided an opportunity to observe the pre-entry testing required by this
        paragraph.

   (c)(5)(ii)(C)(1)
        Oxygen content,

   (c)(5)(ii)(C)(2)
        Flammable gases and vapors, and

   (c)(5)(ii)(C)(3)
        Potential toxic air contaminants.

   (c)(5)(ii)(D)
        There may be no hazardous atmosphere within the space whenever any employee
        is inside the space.

   (c)(5)(ii)(E)
        Continuous forced air ventilation shall be used, as follows:

   (c)(5)(ii)(E)(1)
        An employee may not enter the space until the forced air ventilation has
        eliminated any hazardous atmosphere;

   (c)(5)(ii)(E)(2)
        The forced air ventilation shall be so directed as to ventilate the immediate areas
        where an employee is or will be present within the space and shall continue until
        all employees have left the space;

   (c)(5)(ii)(E)(3)
        The air supply for the forced air ventilation shall be from a clean source and may
        not increase the hazards in the space.

   (c)(5)(ii)(F)
        The atmosphere within the space shall be periodically tested as necessary to
        ensure that the continuous forced air ventilation is preventing the accumulation of
        a hazardous atmosphere. Any employee who enters the space, or that employee's
        authorized representative, shall be provided with an opportunity to observe the
        periodic testing required by this paragraph. 

   (c)(5)(ii)(G)
        If a hazardous atmosphere is detected during entry:

   (c)(5)(ii)(G)(1)
        Each employee shall leave the space immediately;

   (c)(5)(ii)(G)(2)
        The space shall be evaluated to determine how the hazardous atmosphere
        developed; and

   (c)(5)(ii)(G)(3)
        Measures shall be implemented to protect employees from the hazardous
        atmosphere before any subsequent entry takes place.

   (c)(5)(ii)(H)
        The employer shall verify that the space is safe for entry and that the pre-entry
        measures required by paragraph (c)(5)(ii) of this section have been taken,
        through a written certification that contains the date, the location of the space,
        and the signature of the person providing the certification. The certification shall
        be made before entry and shall be made available to each employee entering the
        space or to that employee's authorized representative . 

   (c)(6)
        When there are changes in the use or configuration of a non-permit confined
        space that might increase the hazards to entrants, the employer shall reevaluate
        that space and, if necessary, reclassify it as a permit-required confined space.

   (c)(7)
        A space classified by the employer as a permit-required confined space may be
        reclassified as a non-permit confined space under the following procedures:

   (c)(7)(i)
        If the permit space poses no actual or potential atmospheric hazards and if all
        hazards within the space are eliminated without entry into the space, the permit
        space may be reclassified as a non-permit confined space for as long as the
        non-atmospheric hazards remain eliminated.

   (c)(7)(ii)
        If it is necessary to enter the permit space to eliminate hazards, such entry shall
        be performed under paragraphs (d) through (k) of this section. If testing and
        inspection during that entry demonstrate that the hazards within the permit space
        have been eliminated, the permit space may be reclassified as a non-permit
        confined space for as long as the hazards remain eliminated.
        NOTE: Control of atmospheric hazards through forced air ventilation does not
        constitute elimination of the hazards. Paragraph (c)(5) covers permit space entry
        where the employer can demonstrate that forced air ventilation alone will control
        all hazards in the space.

   (c)(7)(iii)
        The employer shall document the basis for determining that all hazards in a permit
        space have been eliminated, through a certification that contains the date, the
        location of the space, and the signature of the person making the determination.
        The certification shall be made available to each employee entering the space or
        to that employee's authorized representative.

   (c)(7)(iv)
        If hazards arise within a permit space that has been declassified to a non-permit
        space under paragraph (c)(7) of this section, each employee in the space shall
        exit the space. The employer shall then reevaluate the space and determine
        whether it must be reclassified as a permit space, in accordance with other
        applicable provisions of this section.

   (c)(8)
        When an employer (host employer) arranges to have employees of another
        employer (contractor) perform work that involves permit space entry, the host
        employer shall:

   (c)(8)(i)
        Inform the contractor that the workplace contains permit spaces and that permit
        space entry is allowed only through compliance with a permit space program
        meeting the requirements of this section;

   (c)(8)(ii)
        Apprise the contractor of the elements, including the hazards identified and the
        host employer's experience with the space, that make the space in question a
        permit space;

   (c)(8)(iii)
        Apprise the contractor of any precautions or procedures that the host employer
        has implemented for the protection of employees in or near permit spaces where
        contractor personnel will be working;

   (c)(8)(iv)
        Coordinate entry operations with the contractor, when both host employer
        personnel and contractor personnel will be working in or near permit spaces, as
        required by paragraph (d)(11) of this section; and

   (c)(8)(v)
        Debrief the contractor at the conclusion of the entry operations regarding the
        permit space program followed and regarding any hazards confronted or created in
        permit spaces during entry operations.

   (c)(9)
        In addition to complying with the permit space requirements that apply to all
        employers, each contractor who is retained to perform permit space entry
        operations shall:

   (c)(9)(i)
        Obtain any available information regarding permit space hazards and entry
        operations from the host employer;

   (c)(9)(ii)
        Coordinate entry operations with the host employer, when both host employer
        personnel and contractor personnel will be working in or near permit spaces, as
        required by paragraph (d)(11) of this section; and

   (c)(9)(iii)
        Inform the host employer of the permit space program that the contractor will
        follow and of any hazards confronted or created in permit spaces, either through
        a debriefing or during the entry operation.

   (d)
        Permit-required confined space program (permit space program). Under the permit
        space program required by paragraph (c)(4) of this section, the employer shall:

   (d)(1)
        Implement the measures necessary to prevent unauthorized entry;

   (d)(2)
        Identify and evaluate the hazards of permit spaces before employees enter them;

   (d)(3)
        Develop and implement the means, procedures, and practices necessary for safe
        permit space entry operations, including, but not limited to, the following:

   (d)(3)(i)
        Specifying acceptable entry conditions;

   (d)(3)(ii)
        Providing each authorized entrant or that employee's authorized representative
        with the opportunity to observe any monitoring or testing of permit spaces;

   (d)(3)(iii)
        Isolating the permit space;

   (d)(3)(iv)
        Purging, inerting, flushing, or ventilating the permit space as necessary to
        eliminate or control atmospheric hazards;

   (d)(3)(v)
        Providing pedestrian, vehicle, or other barriers as necessary to protect entrants
        from external hazards; and

   (d)(3)(vi)
        Verifying that conditions in the permit space are acceptable for entry throughout
        the duration of an authorized entry.

   (d)(4)
        Provide the following equipment (specified in paragraphs (d)(4)(i) through
        (d)(4)(ix) of this section) at no cost to employees, maintain that equipment
        properly, and ensure that employees use that equipment properly:

   (d)(4)(i)
        Testing and monitoring equipment needed to comply with paragraph (d)(5) of this
        section;

   (d)(4)(ii)
        Ventilating equipment needed to obtain acceptable entry conditions;

   (d)(4)(iii)
        Communications equipment necessary for compliance with paragraphs (h)(3) and
        (i)(5) of this section;

   (d)(4)(iv)
        Personal protective equipment insofar as feasible engineering and work practice
        controls do not adequately protect employees;

   (d)(4)(v)
        Lighting equipment needed to enable employees to see well enough to work safely
        and to exit the space quickly in an emergency;

   (d)(4)(vi)
        Barriers and shields as required by paragraph (d)(3)(iv) of this section;

   (d)(4)(vii)
        Equipment, such as ladders, needed for safe ingress and egress by authorized
        entrants;

   (d)(4)(viii)
        Rescue and emergency equipment needed to comply with paragraph (d)(9) of this
        section, except to the extent that the equipment is provided by rescue services;
        and

   (d)(4)(ix)
        Any other equipment necessary for safe entry into and rescue from permit spaces.

   (d)(5)
        Evaluate permit space conditions as follows when entry operations are conducted:

   (d)(5)(i)
        Test conditions in the permit space to determine if acceptable entry conditions
        exist before entry is authorized to begin, except that, if isolation of the space is
        infeasible because the space is large or is part of a continuous system (such as a
        sewer), pre-entry testing shall be performed to the extent feasible before entry is
        authorized and, if entry is authorized, entry conditions shall be continuously
        monitored in the areas where authorized entrants are working;

   (d)(5)(ii)
        Test or monitor the permit space as necessary to determine if acceptable entry
        conditions are being maintained during the course of entry operations; and

   (d)(5)(iii)
        When testing for atmospheric hazards, test first for oxygen, then for combustible
        gases and vapors, and then for toxic gases and vapors.

   (d)(5)(iv)
        Provide each authorized entrant or that employee's authorized representative an
        opportunity to observe the pre-entry and any subsequent testing or monitoring of
        permit spaces;

   (d)(5)(v)
        Reevaluate the permit space in the presence of any authorized entrant or that
        employee's authorized representative who requests that the employer conduct
        such reevaluation because the entrant or representative has reason to believe
        that the evaluation of that space may not have been adequate;

   (d)(5)(vi)
        Immediately provide each authorized entrant or that employee's authorized
        representative with the results of any testing conducted in accord with paragraph
        (d) of this section.
        NOTE: Atmospheric testing conducted in accordance with Appendix B to section
        1910.146 would be considered as satisfying the requirements of this paragraph.
        For permit space operations in sewers, atmospheric testing conducted in
        accordance with Appendix B, as supplemented by Appendix E to section 1910.146,
        would be considered as satisfying the requirements of this paragraph.

   (d)(6)
        Provide at least one attendant outside the permit space into which entry is
        authorized for the duration of entry operations;
        NOTE: Attendants may be assigned to monitor more than one permit space
        provided the duties described in paragraph (i) of this section can be effectively
        performed for each permit space that is monitored. Likewise, attendants may be
        stationed at any location outside the permit space to be monitored as long as the
        duties described in paragraph (i) of this section can be effectively performed for
        each permit space that is monitored.

   (d)(7)
        If multiple spaces are to be monitored by a single attendant, include in the permit
        program the means and procedures to enable the attendant to respond to an
        emergency affecting one or more of the permit spaces being monitored without
        distraction from the attendant's responsibilities under paragraph (i) of this
        section;

   (d)(8)
        Designate the persons who are to have active roles (as, for example, authorized
        entrants, attendants, entry supervisors, or persons who test or monitor the
        atmosphere in a permit space) in entry operations, identify the duties of each
        such employee, and provide each such employee with the training required by
        paragraph (g) of this section;

   (d)(9)
        Develop and implement procedures for summoning rescue and emergency services,
        for rescuing entrants from permit spaces, for providing necessary emergency
        services to rescued employees, and for preventing unauthorized personnel from
        attempting a rescue;

   (d)(10)
        Develop and implement a system for the preparation, issuance, use, and
        cancellation of entry permits as required by this section;

   (d)(11)
        Develop and implement procedures to coordinate entry operations when
        employees of more than one employer are working simultaneously as authorized
        entrants in a permit space, so that employees of one employer do not endanger
        the employees of any other employer;

   (d)(12)
        Develop and implement procedures (such as closing off a permit space and
        canceling the permit) necessary for concluding the entry after entry operations
        have been completed;

   (d)(13)
        Review entry operations when the employer has reason to believe that the
        measures taken under the permit space program may not protect employees and
        revise the program to correct deficiencies found to exist before subsequent
        entries are authorized; and
        NOTE: Examples of circumstances requiring the review of the permit space
        program are: any unauthorized entry of a permit space, the detection of a permit
        space hazard not covered by the permit, the detection of a condition prohibited
        by the permit, the occurrence of an injury or near-miss during entry, a change in
        the use or configuration of a permit space, and employee complaints about the
        effectiveness of the program.

   (d)(14)
        Review the permit space program, using the canceled permits retained under
        paragraph (e)(6) of this section within 1 year after each entry and revise the
        program as necessary, to ensure that employees participating in entry operations
        are protected from permit space hazards.
        NOTE: Employers may perform a single annual review covering all entries
        performed during a 12-month period. If no entry is performed during a 12-month
        period, no review is necessary.
        Appendix C to section 1910.146 presents examples of permit space programs that
        are considered to comply with the requirements of paragraph (d) of this section.

   (e)
        Permit system.

   (e)(1)
        Before entry is authorized, the employer shall document the completion of
        measures required by paragraph (d)(3) of this section by preparing an entry
        permit.
        NOTE: Appendix D to section 1910.146 presents examples of permits whose
        elements are considered to comply with the requirements of this section.

   (e)(2)
        Before entry begins, the entry supervisor identified on the permit shall sign the
        entry permit to authorize entry.

   (e)(3)
        The completed permit shall be made available at the time of entry to all authorized
        entrants or their authorized representatives, by posting it at the entry portal or
        by any other equally effective means, so that the entrants can confirm that
        pre-entry preparations have been completed.

   (e)(4)
        The duration of the permit may not exceed the time required to complete the
        assigned task or job identified on the permit in accordance with paragraph (f)(2)
        of this section.

   (e)(5)
        The entry supervisor shall terminate entry and cancel the entry permit when:

   (e)(5)(i)
        The entry operations covered by the entry permit have been completed; or

   (e)(5)(ii)
        A condition that is not allowed under the entry permit arises in or near the permit
        space.

   (e)(6)
        The employer shall retain each canceled entry permit for at least 1 year to
        facilitate the review of the permit-required confined space program required by
        paragraph (d)(14) of this section. Any problems encountered during an entry
        operation shall be noted on the pertinent permit so that appropriate revisions to
        the permit space program can be made.

   (f)
        Entry permit. The entry permit that documents compliance with this section and
        authorizes entry to a permit space shall identify:

   (f)(1)
        The permit space to be entered;

   (f)(2)
        The purpose of the entry;

   (f)(3)
        The date and the authorized duration of the entry permit;

   (f)(4)
        The authorized entrants within the permit space, by name or by such other means
        (for example, through the use of rosters or tracking systems) as will enable the
        attendant to determine quickly and accurately, for the duration of the permit,
        which authorized entrants are inside the permit space;
        NOTE: This requirement may be met by inserting a reference on the entry permit
        as to the means used, such as a roster or tracking system, to keep track of the
        authorized entrants within the permit space.

   (f)(5)
        The personnel, by name, currently serving as attendants;

   (f)(6)
        The individual, by name, currently serving as entry supervisor, with a space for
        the signature or initials of the entry supervisor who originally authorized entry;

   (f)(7)
        The hazards of the permit space to be entered;

   (f)(8)
        The measures used to isolate the permit space and to eliminate or control permit
        space hazards before entry;
        NOTE: Those measures can include the lockout or tagging of equipment and
        procedures for purging, inerting, ventilating, and flushing permit spaces.

   (f)(9)
        The acceptable entry conditions;

   (f)(10)
        The results of initial and periodic tests performed under paragraph (d)(5) of this
        section, accompanied by the names or initials of the testers and by an indication
        of when the tests were performed;

   (f)(11)
        The rescue and emergency services that can be summoned and the means (such
        as the equipment to use and the numbers to call) for summoning those services;

   (f)(12)
        The communication procedures used by authorized entrants and attendants to
        maintain contact during the entry;

   (f)(13)
        Equipment, such as personal protective equipment, testing equipment,
        communications equipment, alarm systems, and rescue equipment, to be provided
        for compliance with this section;

   (f)(14)
        Any other information whose inclusion is necessary, given the circumstances of
        the particular confined space, in order to ensure employee safety; and (15) Any
        additional permits, such as for hot work, that have been issued to authorize work
        in the permit space.

   (g)
        Training.

   (g)(1)
        The employer shall provide training so that all employees whose work is regulated
        by this section acquire the understanding, knowledge, and skills necessary for the
        safe performance of the duties assigned under this section.

   (g)(2)
        Training shall be provided to each affected employee:

   (g)(2)(i)
        Before the employee is first assigned duties under this section;

   (g)(2)(ii)
        Before there is a change in assigned duties;

   (g)(2)(iii)
        Whenever there is a change in permit space operations that presents a hazard
        about which an employee has not previously been trained;

   (g)(2)(iv)
        Whenever the employer has reason to believe either that there are deviations
        from the permit space entry procedures required by paragraph (d)(3) of this
        section or that there are inadequacies in the employee's knowledge or use of
        these procedures.

   (g)(3)
        The training shall establish employee proficiency in the duties required by this
        section and shall introduce new or revised procedures, as necessary, for
        compliance with this section.

   (g)(4)
        The employer shall certify that the training required by paragraphs (g)(1) through
        (g)(3) of this section has been accomplished. The certification shall contain each
        employee's name, the signatures or initials of the trainers, and the dates of
        training. The certification shall be available for inspection by employees and their
        authorized representatives.

   (h)
        Duties of authorized entrants. The employer shall ensure that all authorized
        entrants:

   (h)(1)
        Know the hazards that may be faced during entry, including information on the
        mode, signs or symptoms, and consequences of the exposure;

   (h)(2)
        Properly use equipment as required by paragraph (d)(4) of this section;

   (h)(3)
        Communicate with the attendant as necessary to enable the attendant to monitor
        entrant status and to enable the attendant to alert entrants of the need to
        evacuate the space as required by paragraph (i)(6) of this section;

   (h)(4)
        Alert the attendant whenever:

   (h)(4)(i)
        The entrant recognizes any warning sign or symptom of exposure to a dangerous
        situation, or

   (h)(4)(ii)
        The entrant detects a prohibited condition; and

   (h)(5)
        Exit from the permit space as quickly as possible whenever:

   (h)(5)(i)
        An order to evacuate is given by the attendant or the entry supervisor,

   (h)(5)(ii)
        The entrant recognizes any warning sign or symptom of exposure to a dangerous
        situation,

   (h)(5)(iii)
        The entrant detects a prohibited condition, or

   (h)(5)(iv)
        An evacuation alarm is activated.

   (i)
        Duties of attendants. The employer shall ensure that each attendant:

   (i)(1)
        Knows the hazards that may be faced during entry, including information on the
        mode, signs or symptoms, and consequences of the exposure;

   (i)(2)
        Is aware of possible behavioral effects of hazard exposure in authorized entrants;

   (i)(3)
        Continuously maintains an accurate count of authorized entrants in the permit
        space and ensures that the means used to identify authorized entrants under
        paragraph (f)(4) of this section accurately identifies who is in the permit space;

   (i)(4)
        Remains outside the permit space during entry operations until relieved by another
        attendant;
        NOTE: When the employer's permit entry program allows attendant entry for
        rescue, attendants may enter a permit space to attempt a rescue if they have
        been trained and equipped for rescue operations as required by paragraph (k)(1)
        of this section and if they have been relieved as required by paragraph (i)(4) of
        this section.

   (i)(5)
        Communicates with authorized entrants as necessary to monitor entrant status
        and to alert entrants of the need to evacuate the space under paragraph (i)(6) of
        this section;

   (i)(6)
        Monitors activities inside and outside the space to determine if it is safe for
        entrants to remain in the space and orders the authorized entrants to evacuate
        the permit space immediately under any of the following conditions;

   (i)(6)(i)
        If the attendant detects a prohibited condition;

   (i)(6)(ii)
        If the attendant detects the behavioral effects of hazard exposure in an
        authorized entrant;

   (i)(6)(iii)
        If the attendant detects a situation outside the space that could endanger the
        authorized entrants; or

   (i)(6)(iv)
        If the attendant cannot effectively and safely perform all the duties required
        under paragraph (i) of this section;

   (i)(7)
        Summon rescue and other emergency services as soon as the attendant
        determines that authorized entrants may need assistance to escape from permit
        space hazards;

   (i)(8)
        Takes the following actions when unauthorized persons approach or enter a permit
        space while entry is underway:

   (i)(8)(i)
        Warn the unauthorized persons that they must stay away from the permit space;

   (i)(8)(ii)
        Advise the unauthorized persons that they must exit immediately if they have
        entered the permit space; and

   (i)(8)(iii)
        Inform the authorized entrants and the entry supervisor if unauthorized persons
        have entered the permit space;

   (i)(9)
        Performs non-entry rescues as specified by the employer's rescue procedure; and

   (i)(10)
        Performs no duties that might interfere with the attendant's primary duty to
        monitor and protect the authorized entrants.

   (j)
        Duties of entry supervisors. The employer shall ensure that each entry supervisor:

   (j)(1)
        Knows the hazards that may be faced during entry, including information on the
        mode, signs or symptoms, and consequences of the exposure;

   (j)(2)
        Verifies, by checking that the appropriate entries have been made on the permit,
        that all tests specified by the permit have been conducted and that all
        procedures and equipment specified by the permit are in place before endorsing
        the permit and allowing entry to begin;

   (j)(3)
        Terminates the entry and cancels the permit as required by paragraph (e)(5) of
        this section;

   (j)(4)
        Verifies that rescue services are available and that the means for summoning
        them are operable;

   (j)(5)
        Removes unauthorized individuals who enter or who attempt to enter the permit
        space during entry operations; and

   (j)(6)
        Determines, whenever responsibility for a permit space entry operation is
        transferred and at intervals dictated by the hazards and operations performed
        within the space, that entry operations remain consistent with terms of the entry
        permit and that acceptable entry conditions are maintained.

   (k)
        Rescue and emergency services.

   (k)(1)
        An employer who designates rescue and emergency services, pursuant to
        paragraph (d)(9) of this section, shall:

   (k)(1)(i)
        Evaluate a prospective rescuer's ability to respond to a rescue summons in a
        timely manner, considering the hazard(s) identified; 
        Note to paragraph (k)(l)(i): What will be considered timely will vary according to
        the specific hazards involved in each entry. For example, §1910.134, Respiratory
        Protection, requires that employers provide a standby person or persons capable
        of immediate action to rescue employee(s) wearing respiratory protection while in
        work areas defined as IDLH atmospheres.

   (k)(1)(ii)
        Evaluate a prospective rescue service's ability, in terms of proficiency with
        rescue-related tasks and equipment, to function appropriately while rescuing
        entrants from the particular permit space or types of permit spaces identified;

   (k)(1)(iii)
        Select a rescue team or service from those evaluated that:

   (k)(1)(iii)(A)
        Has the capability to reach the victim(s) within a time frame that is appropriate
        for the permit space hazard(s) identified;

   (k)(1)(iii)(B)
        Is equipped for and proficient in performing the needed rescue services;

   (k)(1)(iv)
        Inform each rescue team or service of the hazards they may confront when called
        on to perform rescue at the site; and

   (k)(1)(v)
        Provide the rescue team or service selected with access to all permit spaces from
        which rescue may be necessary so that the rescue service can develop
        appropriate rescue plans and practice rescue operations.
        Note to paragraph (k)(1): Non-mandatory Appendix F contains examples of criteria
        which employers can use in evaluating prospective rescuers as required by
        paragraph (k)(l) of this section.

   (k)(2)
        An employer whose employees have been designated to provide permit space
        rescue and emergency services shall take the following measures:

   (k)(2)(i)
        Provide affected employees with the personal protective equipment (PPE) needed
        to conduct permit space rescues safely and train affected employees so they are
        proficient in the use of that PPE, at no cost to those employees;

   (k)(2)(ii)
        Train affected employees to perform assigned rescue duties. The employer must
        ensure that such employees successfully complete the training required to
        establish proficiency as an authorized entrant, as provided by paragraphs (g) and
        (h) of this section;

   (k)(2)(iii)
        Train affected employees in basic first-aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation
        (CPR). The employer shall ensure that at least one member of the rescue team or
        service holding a current certification in first aid and CPR is available; and

   (k)(2)(iv)
        Ensure that affected employees practice making permit space rescues at least
        once every 12 months, by means of simulated rescue operations in which they
        remove dummies, manikins, or actual persons from the actual permit spaces or
        from representative permit spaces. Representative permit spaces shall, with
        respect to opening size, configuration, and accessibility, simulate the types of
        permit spaces from which rescue is to be performed.

   (k)(3)
        To facilitate non-entry rescue, retrieval systems or methods shall be used
        whenever an authorized entrant enters a permit space, unless the retrieval
        equipment would increase the overall risk of entry or would not contribute to the
        rescue of the entrant. Retrieval systems shall meet the following requirements.

   (k)(3)(i)
        Each authorized entrant shall use a chest or full body harness, with a retrieval line
        attached at the center of the entrant's back near shoulder level, above the
        entrant's head, or at another point which the employer can establish presents a
        profile small enough for the successful removal of the entrant. Wristlets may be
        used in lieu of the chest or full body harness if the employer can demonstrate that
        the use of a chest or full body harness is infeasible or creates a greater hazard
        and that the use of wristlets is the safest and most effective alternative.

   (k)(3)(ii)
        The other end of the retrieval line shall be attached to a mecanical device or fixed
        point outside the permit space in such a manner that rescue can begin as soon as
        the rescuer becomes aware that rescue is necessary. A mechanical device shall
        be available to retrieve personnel from vertical type permit spaces more than 5
        feet (1.52 m) deep

   (k)(4)
        If an injured entrant is exposed to a substance for which a Material Safety Data
        Sheet (MSDS) or other similar written information is required to be kept at the
        worksite, that MSDS or written information shall be made available to the medical
        facility treating the exposed entrant.

   (l)
        Employee participation.

   (l)(1)
        Employers shall consult with affected employees and their authorized
        representatives on the development and implementation of all aspects of the
        permit space program required by paragraph (c) of this section.

   (l)(2)
        Employers shall make available to affected employees and their authorized
        representatives all information required to be developed by this section.


HelpText:
29 CFR 1910.120 / 1926.65 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response

  (k)
       Decontamination -

  (k)(1)
       General. Procedures for all phases of decontamination shall be developed and implemented in
       accordance with this paragraph.

  (k)(2)
       Decontamination procedures.

  (k)(2)(i)
       A decontamination procedure shall be developed, communicated to employees and
       implemented before any employees or equipment may enter areas on site where potential for
       exposure to hazardous substances exists.

  (k)(2)(ii)
       Standard operating procedures shall be developed to minimize employee contact with
       hazardous substances or with equipment that has contacted hazardous substances.

  (k)(2)(iii)
       All employees leaving a contaminated area shall be appropriately decontaminated; all
       contaminated clothing and equipment leaving a contaminated area shall be appropriately
       disposed of or decontaminated.

  (k)(2)(iv)
       Decontamination procedures shall be monitored by the site safety and health supervisor to
       determine their effectiveness. When such procedures are found to be ineffective, appropriate
       steps shall be taken to correct any deficiencies.

  (k)(3)
       Location. Decontamination shall be performed in geographical areas that will minimize the
       exposure of uncontaminated employees or equipment to contaminated employees or
       equipment.

  (k)(4)
       Equipment and solvents. All equipment and solvents used for decontamination shall be
       decontaminated or disposed of properly.

  (k)(5)
       Personal protective clothing and equipment.

  (k)(5)(i)
       Protective clothing and equipment shall be decontaminated, cleaned, laundered, maintained or
       replaced as needed to maintain their effectiveness.

  (k)(5)(ii)
       Employees whose non-impermeable clothing becomes wetted with hazardous substances shall
       immediately remove that clothing and proceed to shower. The clothing shall be disposed of or
       decontaminated before it is removed from the work zone.

  (k)(6)
       Unauthorized employees shall not remove protective clothing or equipment from change rooms.

  (k)(7)
       Commercial laundries or cleaning establishments. Commercial laundries or cleaning
       establishments that decontaminate protective clothing or equipment shall be informed of the
       potentially harmful effects of exposures to hazardous substances.

  (k)(8)
       Showers and change rooms. Where the decontamination procedure indicates a need for regular
       showers and change rooms outside of a contaminated area, they shall be provided and meet
       the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.141. If temperature conditions prevent the effective use of
       water, then other effective means for cleansing shall be provided and used


HelpText:
29 CFR 1910.120 / 1926.65 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
  (d)
       Site control.-

  (d)(1)
       General. Appropriate site control procedures shall be implemented to control employee
       exposure to hazardous substances before clean-up work begins.

  (d)(2)
       Site control program. A site control program for protecting employees which is part of the
       employer's site safety and health program required in paragraph (b) of this section shall be
       developed during the planning stages of a hazardous waste clean-up operation and modified as
       necessary as new information becomes available.

  (d)(3)
       Elements of the site control program. The site control program shall, as a minimum, include: A
       site map; site work zones; the use of a "buddy system"; site communications including alerting
       means for emergencies; the standard operating procedures or safe work practices; and,
       identification of the nearest medical assistance. Where these requirements are covered
       elsewhere they need not be repeated.


HelpText:
The control of hazardous energy under the scope of 1910.147 does not apply to electric power generation, transmission, and distribution activities.  These are specifically covered by 1910.269(d)&(m).  Hazardous energy control under 1910.147 also does not apply to construction, agricultural and maritime activities.

Servicing or maintenance that takes place during normal production operations is covered by 1910.147 only if:
 a) an employee removes or bypasses a guard or other safety device; or
 b) an employee places any part of his or her body upon the point of operation or other associated danger zone during a machine operating cycle.

Minor tool changes and adjustments, and other minor servicing activities that take place during normal production operations are not covered by 1910.147 if both of the following conditions exist:
 1) the work is routine, repetitive, and integral to the use of the equipment for production and
 2) the work is performed using alternative measures which provide effective protection.

1910.147 also does not apply to equipment connected with a cord and plug (providing that the plug is under the exclusive control of the employee) and hot tap operations according to paragraph (a)(2)(iii)(B). Written energy control procedures are not needed for a particular machine or equipment when all of the elements listed in the note under 1910.147(c)(4)(i) exist.

1910.147 does apply to the control of hazardous energy during servicing or maintenance operations of motor vehicles. 

This chapter of the HASP can be used for the control of hazardous energy associated with exposure to  contact with parts of fixed electric equipment or circuits that have been de-energized providing the following three criteria are met:
 (1) the energy control procedures address the electrical safety hazards,
 (2) a tag without a lock is only permitted to be used if at least one additional safety measure is used to achieve a level of safety equivalent to a lock (e.g., removal of an isolating  circuit element, blocking of a controlling switch, or opening an extra disconnecting device) and
 (3) a qualified person must use test equipment to test the circuit elements and electrical parts of equipment to verify that they are de-energized (qualified means one familiar with the construction and operation of the equipment and the hazards involved).  The employer has the option of following the safety-related work practices in 1910.333 to control hazardous energy associated with electrical equipment or circuits.


HelpText:
29 CFR 1910.147 The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout)                                            
   (a)
        Scope, application and purpose -

   (a)(1)
        Scope

   (a)(1)(i)
        This standard covers the servicing and maintenance of machines and equipment in which the unexpected energization or start up of the machines or equipment, or release of stored energy could cause injury to employees. This standard establishes minimum performance requirements for the control of such hazardous energy.

   (a)(1)(ii)
        This standard does not cover the following:

   (a)(1)(ii)(A)
        Construction, agriculture and maritime employment;

   (a)(1)(ii)(B)
        Installations under the exclusive control of electric utilities for the purpose of power generation, transmission and distribution, including related equipment for communication or metering; and

   (a)(1)(ii)(C)
        Exposure to electrical hazards from work on, near, or with conductors or equipment in electric utilization installations, which is covered by Subpart S of this part; and

   (a)(1)(ii)(D)
        Oil and gas well drilling and servicing.

   (a)(2)
        Application.

   (a)(2)(i)
        This standard applies to the control of energy during servicing and/or maintenance of machines and equipment.

   (a)(2)(ii)
        Normal production operations are not covered by this standard (See Subpart O of this Part). Servicing and/or maintenance which takes place during normal production operations is covered by this standard only if:

   (a)(2)(ii)(A)
        An employee is required to remove or bypass a guard or other safety device; or

   (a)(2)(ii)(B)
        An employee is required to place any part of his or her body into an area on a machine or piece of equipment where work is actually performed upon the material being processed (point of operation) or where an associated danger zone exists during a machine operating cycle. 
Note: Exception to paragraph (a)(2)(ii): Minor tool changes and adjustments, and other minor servicing activities, which take place during normal production operations, are not covered by this standard if they are routine, repetitive, and integral to the use of the equipment for production, provided that the work is performed using alternative measures which provide effective protection (See Subpart O of this Part).

   (a)(2)(iii)
        This standard does not apply to the following:

   (a)(2)(iii)(A)
        Work on cord and plug connected electric equipment for which exposure to the hazards of unexpected energization or start up of the equipment is controlled by the unplugging of the equipment from the energy source and by the plug being under the exclusive control of the employee performing the servicing or maintenance.

   (a)(2)(iii)(B)
        Hot tap operations involving transmission and distribution systems for substances such as gas, steam, water or petroleum products when they are performed on pressurized pipelines, provided that the employer demonstrates that-

   (a)(2)(iii)(B)(1)
        continuity of service is essential;

   (a)(2)(iii)(B)(2)
        shutdown of the system is impractical; and

   (a)(2)(iii)(B)(3)
        documented procedures are followed, and special equipment is used which will provide proven effective protection for employees.

   (a)(3)
        Purpose.

   (a)(3)(i)
        This section requires employers to establish a program and utilize procedures for affixing appropriate lockout devices or tagout devices to energy isolating devices, and to otherwise disable machines or equipment to prevent unexpected energization, start up or release of stored energy in order to prevent injury to employees.

   (a)(3)(ii)
        When other standards in this part require the use of lockout or tagout, they shall be used and supplemented by the procedural and training requirements of this section.

   (b)
        Definitions applicable to this section. 
Affected employee. An employee whose job requires him/her to operate or use a machine or equipment on which servicing or maintenance is being performed under lockout or tagout, or whose job requires him/her to work in an area in which such servicing or maintenance is being performed.

Authorized employee. A person who locks out or tags out machines or equipment in order to perform servicing or maintenance on that machine or equipment. An affected employee becomes an authorized employee when that employee's duties include performing servicing or maintenance covered under this section.

Capable of being locked out. An energy isolating device is capable of being locked out if it has a hasp or other means of attachment to which, or through which, a lock can be affixed, or it has a locking mechanism built into it. Other energy isolating devices are capable of being locked out, if lockout can be achieved without the need to dismantle, rebuild, or replace the energy isolating device or permanently alter its energy control capability.

Energized. Connected to an energy source or containing residual or stored energy.

Energy isolating device. A mechanical device that physically prevents the transmission or release of energy, including but not limited to the following: A manually operated electrical circuit breaker; a disconnect switch; a manually operated switch by which the conductors of a circuit can be disconnected from all ungrounded supply conductors, and, in addition, no pole can be operated independently; a line valve; a block; and any similar device used to block or isolate energy. Push buttons, selector switches and other control circuit type devices are not energy isolating devices.

Energy source. Any source of electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, chemical, thermal, or other energy.

Hot tap. A procedure used in the repair, maintenance and services activities which involves welding on a piece of equipment (pipelines, vessels or tanks) under pressure, in order to install connections or appurtenances. it is commonly used to replace or add sections of pipeline without the interruption of service for air, gas, water, steam, and petrochemical distribution systems.

Lockout. The placement of a lockout device on an energy isolating device, in accordance with an established procedure, ensuring that the energy isolating device and the equipment being controlled cannot be operated until the lockout device is removed.

Lockout device. A device that utilizes a positive means such as a lock, either key or combination type, to hold an energy isolating device in the safe position and prevent the energizing of a machine or equipment. Included are blank flanges and bolted slip blinds.

Normal production operations. The utilization of a machine or equipment to perform its intended production function.

Servicing and/or maintenance. Workplace activities such as constructing, installing, setting up, adjusting, inspecting, modifying, and maintaining and/or servicing machines or equipment. These activities include lubrication, cleaning or unjamming of machines or equipment and making adjustments or tool changes, where the employee may be exposed to the unexpected energization or startup of the equipment or release of hazardous energy.

Setting up. Any work performed to prepare a machine or equipment to perform its normal production operation.

Tagout. The placement of a tagout device on an energy isolating device, in accordance with an established procedure, to indicate that the energy isolating device and the equipment being controlled may not be operated until the tagout device is removed.

Tagout device. A prominent warning device, such as a tag and a means of attachment, which can be securely fastened to an energy isolating device in accordance with an established procedure, to indicate that the energy isolating device and the equipment being controlled may not be operated until the tagout device is removed.

   (c)
        General -

   (c)(1)
        Energy control program. The employer shall establish a program consisting of energy control procedures, employee training and periodic inspections to ensure that before any employee performs any servicing or maintenance on a machine or equipment where the unexpected energizing, startup or release of stored energy could occur and cause injury, the machine or equipment shall be isolated from the energy source and rendered inoperative.

   (c)(2)
        Lockout/tagout.

   (c)(2)(i)
        If an energy isolating device is not capable of being locked out, the employer's energy control program under paragraph (c)(1) of this section shall utilize a tagout system.

   (c)(2)(ii)
        If an energy isolating device is capable of being locked out, the employer's energy control program under paragraph (c)(1) of this section shall utilize lockout, unless the employer can demonstrate that the utilization of a tagout system will provide full employee protection as set forth in paragraph (c)(3) of this section.

   (c)(2)(iii)
        After January 2, 1990, whenever replacement or major repair, renovation or modification of a machine or equipment is performed, and whenever new machines or equipment are installed, energy isolating devices for such machine or equipment shall be designed to accept a lockout device.

   (c)(3)
        Full employee protection.

   (c)(3)(i)
        When a tagout device is used on an energy isolating device which is capable of being locked out, the tagout device shall be attached at the same location that the lockout device would have been attached, and the employer shall demonstrate that the tagout program will provide a level of safety equivalent to that obtained by using a lockout program.

   (c)(3)(ii)
        In demonstrating that a level of safety is achieved in the tagout program which is equivalent to the level of safety obtained by using a lockout program, the employer shall demonstrate full compliance with all tagout-related provisions of this standard together with such additional elements as are necessary to provide the equivalent safety available from the use of a lockout device. Additional means to be considered as part of the demonstration of full employee protection shall include the implementation of additional safety measures such as the removal of an isolating circuit element, blocking of a controlling switch, opening of an extra disconnecting device, or the removal of a valve handle to reduce the likelihood of inadvertent energization.

   (c)(4)
        Energy control procedure.

   (c)(4)(i)
        Procedures shall be developed, documented and utilized for the control of potentially hazardous energy when employees are engaged in the activities covered by this section.
Note: Exception: The employer need not document the required procedure for a particular machine or equipment, when all of the following elements exist: (1) The machine or equipment has no potential for stored or residual energy or reaccumulation of stored energy after shut down which could endanger employees; (2) the machine or equipment has a single energy source which can be readily identified and isolated; (3) the isolation and locking out of that energy source will completely deenergize and deactivate the machine or equipment; (4) the machine or equipment is isolated from that energy source and locked out during servicing or maintenance; (5) a single lockout device will achieve a locker-out condition; (6) the lockout device is under the exclusive control of the authorized employee performing the servicing or maintenance; (7) the servicing or maintenance does not create hazards for other employees; and (8) the employer, in utilizing this exception, has had no accidents involving the unexpected activation or reenergization of the machine or equipment during servicing or maintenance.

   (c)(4)(ii)
        The procedures shall clearly and specifically outline the scope, purpose, authorization, rules, and techniques to be utilized for the control of hazardous energy, and the means to enforce compliance including, but not limited to, the following:

   (c)(4)(ii)(A)
        A specific statement of the intended use of the procedure;

   (c)(4)(ii)(B)
        Specific procedural steps for shutting down, isolating, blocking and securing machines or equipment to control hazardous energy;

   (c)(4)(ii)(C)
        Specific procedural steps for the placement, removal and transfer of lockout devices or tagout devices and the responsibility for them; and

   (c)(4)(ii)(D)
        Specific requirements for testing a machine or equipment to determine and verify the effectiveness of lockout devices, tagout devices, and other energy control measures.

   (c)(5)
        Protective materials and hardware.

   (c)(5)(i)
        Locks, tags, chains, wedges, key blocks, adapter pins, self-locking fasteners, or other hardware shall be provided by the employer for isolating, securing or blocking of machines or equipment from energy sources.

   (c)(5)(ii)
        Lockout devices and tagout devices shall be singularly identified; shall be the only devices(s) used for controlling energy; shall not be used for other purposes; and shall meet the following requirements:

   (c)(5)(ii)(A)
        Durable.

   (c)(5)(ii)(A)(1)
        Lockout and tagout devices shall be capable of withstanding the environment to which they are exposed for the maximum period of time that exposure is expected.

   (c)(5)(ii)(A)(2)
        Tagout devices shall be constructed and printed so that exposure to weather conditions or wet and damp locations will not cause the tag to deteriorate or the message on the tag to become illegible.

   (c)(5)(ii)(A)(3)
        Tags shall not deteriorate when used in corrosive environments such as areas where acid and alkali chemicals are handled and stored.

   (c)(5)(ii)(B)
        Standardized. Lockout and tagout devices shall be standardized within the facility in at least one of the following criteria: Color; shape; or size; and additionally, in the case of tagout devices, print and format shall be standardized.

   (c)(5)(ii)(C)
        Substantial -

   (c)(5)(ii)(C)(1)
        Lockout devices. Lockout devices shall be substantial enough to prevent removal without the use of excessive force or unusual techniques, such as with the use of bolt cutters or other metal cutting tools.

   (c)(5)(ii)(C)(2)
        Tagout devices. Tagout devices, including their means of attachment, shall be substantial enough to prevent inadvertent or accidental removal. Tagout device attachment means shall be of a non-reusable type, attachable by hand, self-locking, and non-releasable with a minimum unlocking strength of no less than 50 pounds and having the general design and basic characteristics of being at least equivalent to a one-piece, all environment-tolerant nylon cable tie.

   (c)(5)(ii)(D)
        Identifiable. Lockout devices and tagout devices shall indicate the identity of the employee applying the device(s).

   (c)(5)(iii)
        Tagout devices shall warn against hazardous conditions if the machine or equipment is energized and shall include a legend such as the following: Do Not Start. Do Not Open. Do Not Close. Do Not Energize. Do Not Operate.

   (c)(6)
        Periodic inspection.

   (c)(6)(i)
        The employer shall conduct a periodic inspection of the energy control procedure at least annually to ensure that the procedure and the requirements of this standard are being followed.

   (c)(6)(i)(A)
        The periodic inspection shall be performed by an authorized employee other than the ones(s) utilizing the energy control procedure being inspected.

   (c)(6)(i)(B)
        The periodic inspection shall be conducted to correct any deviations or inadequacies identified.

   (c)(6)(i)(C)
        Where lockout is used for energy control, the periodic inspection shall include a review, between the inspector and each authorized employee, of that employee's responsibilities under the energy control procedure being inspected.

   (c)(6)(i)(D)
        Where tagout is used for energy control, the periodic inspection shall include a review, between the inspector and each authorized and affected employee, of that employee's responsibilities under the energy control procedure being inspected, and the elements set forth in paragraph (c)(7)(ii) of this section.

   (c)(6)(ii)
        The employer shall certify that the periodic inspections have been performed. The certification shall identify the machine or equipment on which the energy control procedure was being utilized, the date of the inspection, the employees included in the inspection, and the person performing the inspection.

   (c)(7)
        Training and communication.

   (c)(7)(i)
        The employer shall provide training to ensure that the purpose and function of the energy control program are understood by employees and that the knowledge and skills required for the safe application, usage, and removal of the energy controls are acquired by employees. The training shall include the following:

   (c)(7)(i)(A)
        Each authorized employee shall receive training in the recognition of applicable hazardous energy sources, the type and magnitude of the energy available in the workplace, and the methods and means necessary for energy isolation and control.

   (c)(7)(i)(B)
        Each affected employee shall be instructed in the purpose and use of the energy control procedure.

   (c)(7)(i)(C)
        All other employees whose work operations are or may be in an area where energy control procedures may be utilized, shall be instructed about the procedure, and about the prohibition relating to attempts to restart or reenergize machines or equipment which are locked out or tagged out.

   (c)(7)(ii)
        When tagout systems are used, employees shall also be trained in the following limitations of tags:

   (c)(7)(ii)(A)
        Tags are essentially warning devices affixed to energy isolating devices, and do not provide the physical restraint on those devices that is provided by a lock.

   (c)(7)(ii)(B)
        When a tag is attached to an energy isolating means, it is not to be removed without authorization of the authorized person responsible for it, and it is never to be bypassed, ignored, or otherwise defeated.

   (c)(7)(ii)(C)
        Tags must be legible and understandable by all authorized employees, affected employees, and all other employees whose work operations are or may be in the area, in order to be effective.

   (c)(7)(ii)(D)
        Tags and their means of attachment must be made of materials which will withstand the environmental conditions encountered in the workplace.

   (c)(7)(ii)(E)
        Tags may evoke a false sense of security, and their meaning needs to be understood as part of the overall energy control program.

   (c)(7)(ii)(F)
        Tags must be securely attached to energy isolating devices so that they cannot be inadvertently or accidentally detached during use.

   (c)(7)(iii)
        Employee retraining.

   (c)(7)(iii)(A)
        Retraining shall be provided for all authorized and affected employees whenever there is a change in their job assignments, a change in machines, equipment or processes that present a new hazard, or when there is a change in the energy control procedures.

   (c)(7)(iii)(B)
        Additional retraining shall also be conducted whenever a periodic inspection under paragraph (c)(6) of this section reveals, or whenever the employer has reason to believe that there are deviations from or inadequacies in the employee's knowledge or use of the energy control procedures.

   (c)(7)(iii)(C)
        The retraining shall reestablish employee proficiency and introduce new or revised control methods and procedures, as necessary.

   (c)(7)(iv)
        The employer shall certify that employee training has been accomplished and is being kept up to date. The certification shall contain each employee's name and dates of training.

   (c)(8)
        Energy isolation. Lockout or tagout shall be performed only by the authorized employees who are performing the servicing or maintenance.

   (c)(9)
        Notification of employees. Affected employees shall be notified by the employer or authorized employee of the application and removal of lockout devices or tagout devices. Notification shall be given before the controls are applied, and after they are removed from the machine or equipment.

   (d)
        Application of control. The established procedures for the application of energy control (the lockout or tagout procedures) shall cover the following elements and actions and shall be done in the following sequence:

   (d)(1)
        Preparation for shutdown. Before an authorized or affected employee turns off a machine or equipment, the authorized employee shall have knowledge of the type and magnitude of the energy, the hazards of the energy to be controlled, and the method or means to control the energy.

   (d)(2)
        Machine or equipment shutdown. The machine or equipment shall be turned off or shut down using the procedures established for the machine or equipment. An orderly shutdown must be utilized to avoid any additional or increased hazard(s) to employees as a result of the equipment stoppage.

   (d)(3)
        Machine or equipment isolation. All energy isolating devices that are needed to control the energy to the machine or equipment shall be physically located and operated in such a manner as to isolate the machine or equipment from the energy source(s).

   (d)(4)
        Lockout or tagout device application.

   (d)(4)(i)
        Lockout or tagout devices shall be affixed to each energy isolating device by authorized employees.

   (d)(4)(ii)
        Lockout devices, where used, shall be affixed in a manner to that will hold the energy isolating devices in a "safe" or "off" position.

   (d)(4)(iii)
        Tagout devices, where used, shall be affixed in such a manner as will clearly indicate that the operation or movement of energy isolating devices from the "safe" or "off" position is prohibited.

   (d)(4)(iii)(A)
        Where tagout devices are used with energy isolating devices designed with the capability of being locked, the tag attachment shall be fastened at the same point at which the lock would have been attached.

   (d)(4)(iii)(B)
        Where a tag cannot be affixed directly to the energy isolating device, the tag shall be located as close as safely possible to the device, in a position that will be immediately obvious to anyone attempting to operate the device.

   (d)(5)
        Stored energy.

   (d)(5)(i)
        Following the application of lockout or tagout devices to energy isolating devices, all potentially hazardous stored or residual energy shall be relieved, disconnected, restrained, and otherwise rendered safe.

   (d)(5)(ii)
        If there is a possibility of reaccumulation of stored energy to a hazardous level, verification of isolation shall be continued until the servicing or maintenance is completed, or until the possibility of such accumulation no longer exists.

   (d)(6)
        Verification of isolation. Prior to starting work on machines or equipment that have been locked out or tagged out, the authorized employee shall verify that isolation and deenergization of the machine or equipment have been accomplished.

   (e)
        Release from lockout or tagout. Before lockout or tagout devices are removed and energy is restored to the machine or equipment, procedures shall be followed and actions taken by the authorized employee(s) to ensure the following:

   (e)(1)
        The machine or equipment. The work area shall be inspected to ensure that nonessential items have been removed and to ensure that machine or equipment components are operationally intact.

   (e)(2)
        Employees.

   (e)(2)(i)
        The work area shall be checked to ensure that all employees have been safely positioned or removed.

   (e)(2)(ii)
        After lockout or tagout devices have been removed and before a machine or equipment is started, affected employees shall be notified that the lockout or tagout device(s) have been removed.

   (e)(3)
        Lockout or tagout devices removal. Each lockout or tagout device shall be removed from each energy isolating device by the employee who applied the device. Exception to paragraph (e)(3): When the authorized employee who applied the lockout or tagout device is not available to remove it, that device may be removed under the direction of the employer, provided that specific procedures and training for such removal have been developed, documented and incorporated into the employer's energy control program. The employer shall demonstrate that the specific procedure provides equivalent safety to the removal of the device by the authorized employee who applied it. The specific procedure shall include at least the following elements:

   (e)(3)(i)
        Verification by the employer that the authorized employee who applied the device is not at the facility:

   (e)(3)(ii)
        Making all reasonable efforts to contact the authorized employee to inform him/her that his/her lockout or tagout device has been removed; and

   (e)(3)(iii)
        Ensuring that the authorized employee has this knowledge before he/she resumes work at that facility.

   (f)
        Additional requirements.

   (f)(1)
        Testing or positioning of machines, equipment or components thereof. In situations in which lockout or tagout devices must be temporarily removed from the energy isolating device and the machine or equipment energized to test or position the machine, equipment or component thereof, the following sequence of actions shall be followed:

   (f)(1)(i)
        Clear the machine or equipment of tools and materials in accordance with paragraph (e)(1) of this section;

   (f)(1)(ii)
        Remove employees from the machine or equipment area in accordance with paragraph (e)(2) of this section;

   (f)(1)(iii)
        Remove the lockout or tagout devices as specified in paragraph (e)(3) of this section;

   (f)(1)(iv)
        Energize and proceed with testing or positioning;

   (f)(1)(v)
        Deenergize all systems and reapply energy control measures in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section to continue the servicing and/or maintenance.

   (f)(2)
        Outside personnel (contractors, etc.).

   (f)(2)(i)
        Whenever outside servicing personnel are to be engaged in activities covered by the scope and application of this standard, the on-site employer and the outside employer shall inform each other of their respective lockout or tagout procedures.

   (f)(2)(ii)
        The on-site employer shall ensure that his/her employees understand and comply with the restrictions and prohibitions of the outside employer's energy control program.

   (f)(3)
        Group lockout or tagout.

   (f)(3)(i)
        When servicing and/or maintenance is performed by a crew, craft, department or other group, they shall utilize a procedure which affords the employees a level of protection equivalent to that provided by the implementation of a personal lockout or tagout device.

   (f)(3)(ii)
        Group lockout or tagout devices shall be used in accordance with the procedures required by paragraph (c)(4) of this section including, but not necessarily limited to, the following specific requirements:

   (f)(3)(ii)(A)
        Primary responsibility is vested in an authorized employee for a set number of employees working under the protection of a group lockout or tagout device (such as an operations lock);

   (f)(3)(ii)(B)
        Provision for the authorized employee to ascertain the exposure status of individual group members with regard to the lockout or tagout of the machine or equipment and

   (f)(3)(ii)(C)
        When more than one crew, craft, department, etc. is involved, assignment of overall job-associated lockout or tagout control responsibility to an authorized employee designated to coordinate affected work forces and ensure continuity of protection; and

(f)(3)(ii)(D)
        Each authorized employee shall affix a personal lockout or tagout device to the group lockout device, group lockbox, or comparable mechanism when he or she begins work, and shall remove those devices when he or she stops working on the machine or equipment being serviced or maintained.

   (f)(4)
        Shift or personnel changes. Specific procedures shall be utilized during shift or personnel changes to ensure the continuity of lockout or tagout protection, including provision for the orderly transfer of lockout or tagout device protection between off-going and oncoming employees, to minimize exposure to hazards from the unexpected energization or start-up of the machine or equipment, or the release of stored energy.


HelpText:
Written procedures are not required for a particular machine or equipment when all of the following conditions exist:
 1) there is no potential for stored or residual energy or reaccumulation of stored energy after shut down that could harm employees;
 2) the machine or equipment has a single energy source that can be readily identified and isolated;
 3) isolation and locking out of the energy source will completely deenergize the machine or equipment;
 4) the machine or equipment is isolated from that energy source and locked out during servicing or maintenance;
 5) a single lockout device will achieve a locked-out condition;
 6) the lockout device is under the exclusive control of the authorized employee performing the servicing or maintenance;
 7) the servicing or maintenance does not create any hazards; and
 8) in utilizing this exception, there have been no accidents involving the hazardous energy of the machine or equipment during servicing or maintenance.


HelpText:
This chapter of the HASP can be used for the control of hazardous energy associated with exposure to contact with parts of fixed electric equipment or circuits that have been de-energized providing the following three criteria are met:
 (1) the energy control procedures address the electrical safety hazards,
 (2) a tag used without a lock must be supplemented with at least one additional safety measure that provides a level of safety equivalent to that obtained by use of a lock (e.g., removal of an isolating  circuit element, blocking of a controlling switch, or opening an extra disconnecting device) and
 (3) a qualified person must use test equipment to test the circuit elements and electrical parts of equipment to verify that they are de-energized (qualified means one familiar with the construction and operation of the equipment and the hazards involved).  The employer has the option of following the safety-related work practices in 1910.333 to control hazardous energy associated with electrical equipment or circuits.


HelpText:
This program can be used for the control of hazardous energy associated with exposure to contact with parts of fixed electric equipment or circuits that have been de-energized providing the following three criteria are met:
 (1) the energy control procedures address the electrical safety hazards,
 (2) a tag used without a lock must be supplemented with at least one additional safety measure that provides a level of safety equivalent to that obtained by use of a lock (e.g., removal of an isolating  circuit element, blocking of a controlling switch, or opening an extra disconnecting device) and
 (3) a qualified person must use test equipment to test the circuit elements and electrical parts of equipment to verify that they are de-energized (qualified means one familiar with the construction and operation of the equipment and the hazards involved).
 The employer has the option of following the safety-related work practices in 1910.333 to control hazardous energy associated with electrical equipment or circuits.


HelpText:
Paragraph (c)(7)(i) of the standard allows an employer to reclassify a permit space as a non-permit confined space if there are no actual or potential atmospheric hazards and if all other hazards are eliminated without entry into the space.  Reclassification is valid as long as the non-atmospheric hazards remain eliminated.

This provision of the standard applies for spaces like mixers and material bins, which can have their hazards eliminated before entry so that entrants are fully protected without the need for permits, attendants, or other features required by the full permit space program.  For example, mixers can be locked out before entry for servicing or maintenance, removing the mechanical hazards.  A material bin posing an engulfment hazard can be emptied before entry, effectively eliminating the engulfment hazard.  As long as these were the only hazards associated with the spaces identified, the spaces can be reclassified once the hazards are eliminated.

Permit spaces that contain or have the potential to contain hazardous atmospheres may also be reclassified as non- permit spaces, under paragraph (c)(7)(ii).  These spaces need to be treated the same as any space that must be entered in order to eliminate hazards.  After this type of space is isolated, purged, and ventilated from the outside, it must be entered to test the atmosphere and inspect the conditions within the spaced to ensure that the hazards have been eliminated (Note: Control of a hazardous atmosphere through forced ventilation does not eliminate the hazard).  Paragraph (c)(7)(ii) allows the employer to reclassify a permit space as a non-permit confined space after a permit entry (complying with full permit space program requirements) is performed to eliminate hazards within the space.  Again, reclassification is valid only as long as the hazards remain eliminated.

The types of permit spaces that could fall under (c)(7)(ii) include chemical tanks and boilers.  Chemical tanks can frequently be made safe by draining them of their contents, purging any residual chemicals with water, and ventilating the space after purging is complete.  Boilers can be made safe for entry by shutting them down, opening the access ports to allow for temperature reduction and natural ventilation, and entering the space to remove any residual hazards, such as loose buildup that could fall onto entrants.  In each case, an entry, conducted in accordance with the full permit space program requirements given in paragraphs (d) through (k), must be performed in order to ensure that the hazards have been eliminated.  Once hazard elimination is verified, the space can be reclassified as a non-permit confined space for the period of time hazards remain eliminated.

The basis for determining that all hazards have been eliminated must be documented through a certification including the date, space location, and the signature of the person making the determination.  

If hazards arise in a reclassified space, all entrants must exit the space and the space must be reevaluated to determine whether it must be reclassified as a permit space.


HelpText:
The Respiratory Protection Standard, 1910.134 requires that employers provide a standby person or persons capable of immediate action to rescue employee(s) wearing respiratory protection while in work areas defined as IDLH atmospheres.  Because the standby personnel required by the Respiratory Protection standard will have been monitoring the confined space entrant's condition throughout the operation and will be fully equipped to begin rescue operations, they will be able to respond more quickly than rescue team members arriving from another location, whether inside or outside the plant, who would need to gather appropriate equipment, prepare to use that equipment, and be briefed on the emergency situation before beginning rescue operations.  And because the standby personnel must be appropriately trained and equipped to perform rescue operations, other inadequately prepared employees will be less likely to endanger themselves by attempting hasty and dangerous rescues. (Note that at least one employee, serving as attendant, must still remain outside the permit space, as required by Section 1910.146(i)(4).) On the other hand, because the Respiratory Protection standard requirement only applies to IDLH atmospheres, a less resource-intensive and more measured response capability may be used for those situations where there is not the same need for virtually instant response.


HelpText:
There is currently no specific OSHA Standard for Thermal Stress.  Thermal stress resources can be found on OSHA’s website at www.osha.gov.


HelpText:
29 CFR 1910.120 / 1926.65 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response

(h) 
Monitoring – 

1910.120(h)(1) 
General.

1910.120(h)(1)(i) 
Monitoring shall be performed in accordance with this paragraph where there may be a question of employee exposure to hazardous concentrations of hazardous substances in order to assure proper selection of engineering controls, work practices and personal protective equipment so that employees are not exposed to levels which exceed permissible exposure limits, or published exposure levels if there are no permissible exposure limits, for hazardous substances.

1910.120(h)(1)(ii) 
Air monitoring shall be used to identify and quantify airborne levels of hazardous substances and safety and health hazards in order to determine the appropriate level of employee protection needed on site.

1910.120(h)(2) 
Initial entry. Upon initial entry, representative air monitoring shall be conducted to identify any IDLH condition, exposure over permissible exposure limits or published exposure levels, exposure over a radioactive material's dose limits or other dangerous condition such as the presence of flammable atmospheres, oxygen-deficient environments.

1910.120(h)(3) 
Periodic monitoring. Periodic monitoring shall be conducted when the possibility of an IDLH condition or flammable atmosphere has developed or when there is indication that exposures may have risen over permissible exposure limits or published exposure levels since prior monitoring. Situations where it shall be considered whether the possibility that exposures have risen are as follows:

1910.120(h)(3)(i) 
When work begins on a different portion of the site.

1910.120(h)(3)(ii) 
When contaminants other than those previously identified are being handled.

1910.120(h)(3)(iii) 
When a different type of operation is initiated (e.g., drum opening as opposed to exploratory well drilling.)

1910.120(h)(3)(iv) 
When employees are handling leaking drums or containers or working in areas with obvious liquid contamination (e.g., a spill or lagoon.)

1910.120(h)(4) 
Monitoring of high-risk employees. After the actual clean-up phase of any hazardous waste operation commences; for example, when soil, surface water or containers are moved or disturbed; the employer shall monitor those employees likely to have the highest exposures to those hazardous substances and health hazards likely to be present above permissible exposure limits or published exposure levels by using personal sampling frequently enough to characterize employee exposures. The employer may utilize a representative sampling approach by documenting that the employees and chemicals chosen for monitoring are based on the criteria stated in the first sentence of this paragraph. If the employees likely to have the highest exposure are over permissible exposure limits or published exposure limits, then monitoring shall continue to determine all employees likely to be above those limits. The employer may utilize a representative sampling approach by documenting that the employees and chemicals chosen for monitoring are based on the criteria stated above. 

NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (h): It is not required to monitor employees engaged in site characterization operations covered by paragraph (c) of this section.


HelpText:
29 CFR 1910.120 / 1926.65 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response

Engineering controls, work practices, and personal protective equipment for employee protection. Engineering controls, work practices and PPE for substances regulated in Subpart Z. (i) Engineering controls, work practices, personal protective equipment, or a combination of these shall be implemented in accordance with this paragraph to protect employees from exposure to hazardous substances and safety and health hazards.

(g)(1) 
Engineering controls, work practices and PPE for substances regulated in Subparts G and Z.

(g)(1)(i) 
Engineering controls and work practices shall be instituted to reduce and maintain employee exposure to or below the permissible exposure limits for substances regulated by 29 CFR Part 1910, to the extent required by Subpart Z, except to the extent that such controls and practices are not feasible. 

NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (g)(1)(i): Engineering controls which may be feasible include the use of pressurized cabs or control booths on equipment, and/or the use of remotely operated material handling equipment. Work practices which may be feasible are removing all non-essential employees from potential exposure during opening of drums, wetting down dusty operations and locating employees upwind of possible hazards.

(g)(1)(ii) 
Whenever engineering controls and work practices are not feasible, or not required, any reasonable combination of engineering controls, work practices and PPE shall be used to reduce and maintain to or below the permissible exposure limits or dose limits for substances regulated by 29 CFR Part 1910, Subpart Z.

(g)(1)(iii) 
The employer shall not implement a schedule of employee rotation as a means of compliance with permissible exposure limits or dose limits except when there is no other feasible way of complying with the airborne or dermal dose limits for ionizing radiation.

(g)(1)(iv) 
The provisions of 29 CFR, subpart G, shall be followed.

(g)(2) 
Engineering controls, work practices, and PPE for substances not regulated in Subparts G and Z. An appropriate combination of engineering controls, work practices, and personal protective equipment shall be used to reduce and maintain employee exposure to or below published exposure levels for hazardous substances and health hazards not regulated by 29 CFR Part 1910, Subparts G and Z. The employer may use the published literature and MSDS as a guide in making the employer's determination as to what level of protection the employer believes is appropriate for hazardous substances and health hazards for which there is no permissible exposure limit or published exposure limit.

(g)(3) 
Personal protective equipment selection.

(g)(3)(i) 
Personal protective equipment (PPE) shall be selected and used which will protect employees from the hazards and potential hazards they are likely to encounter as identified during the site characterization and analysis.

(g)(3)(ii) 
Personal protective equipment selection shall be based on an evaluation of the performance characteristics of the PPE relative to the requirements and limitations of the site, the task-specific conditions and duration, and the hazards and potential hazards identified at the site.

(g)(3)(iii) 
Positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus, or positive pressure air-line respirators equipped with an escape air supply shall be used when chemical exposure levels present will create a substantial possibility of immediate death, immediate serious illness or injury, or impair the ability to escape.

(g)(3)(iv) 
Totally-encapsulating chemical protective suits (protection equivalent to Level A protection as recommended in Appendix B) shall be used in conditions where skin absorption of a hazardous substance may result in a substantial possibility of immediate death, immediate serious illness or injury, or impair the ability to escape.

(g)(3)(v) 
The level of protection provided by PPE selection shall be increased when additional informationor site conditions show that increased protection is necessary to reduce employee exposures below permissible exposure limits and published exposure levels for hazardous substances and health hazards. (See Appendix B for guidance on selecting PPE ensembles.) 

NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (g)(3): The level of employee protection provided may be decreased when additional information or site conditions show that decreased protection will not result in hazardous exposures to employees.

(g)(3)(vi) 
Personal protective equipment shall be selected and used to meet the requirements of 29 CFR Part 1910, Subpart I, and additional requirements specified in this section.

(g)(4) 
Totally-encapsulating chemical protective suits.

(g)(4)(i) 
Totally-encapsulating suits shall protect employees from the particular hazards which are identified during site characterization and analysis.

(g)(4)(ii) 
Totally-encapsulating suits shall be capable of maintaining positive air pressure. (See Appendix A for a test method which may be used to evaluate this requirement.)

(g)(4)(iii) 
Totally-encapsulating suits shall be capable of preventing inward test gas leakage of more than 0.5 percent. (See Appendix A for a test method which may be used to evaluate this requirement.)

(g)(5) 
Personal protective equipment (PPE) program. A personal protective equipment program, which is part of the employer's safety and health program required in paragraph (b) of this section or required in paragraph (p)(1) of this section and which isalso a part of the site-specific safety and health plan shall be established. The PPE program shall address the elements listed below. When elements, such as donning and doffing procedures, are provided by the manufacturer of a piece of equipment and are attached to the plan, they need not be rewritten into the plan as long as they adequately address the procedure or element.

(g)(5)(i) 
PPE selection based upon site hazards,

(g)(5)(ii) 
PPE use and limitations of the equipment,

(g)(5)(iii) 
Work mission duration,

(g)(5)(iv) 
PPE maintenance and storage,

(g)(5)(v) 
PPE decontamination and disposal,

(g)(5)(vi) 
PPE training and proper fitting,

(g)(5)(vii) 
PPE donning and doffing procedures,

(g)(5)(viii) 
PPE inspection procedures prior to, during, and after use,

(g)(5)(ix) 
Evaluation of the effectiveness of the PPE program, and

(g)(5)(x) 
Limitations during temperature extremes, heat stress, and other appropriate medical considerations.


HelpText:
29 CFR 1910.120/1926.65 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response


(b)(1)(i) 
Employers shall develop and implement a written safety and health program for their employees involved in hazardous waste operations. The program shall be designed to identify, evaluate, and control safety and health hazards, and provide for emergency response for hazardous waste operations.

(b)(1)(ii) 
The written safety and health program shall incorporate the following:

(b)(1)(ii)(A) 
An organizational structure;

(b)(1)(ii)(B) 
A comprehensive workplan;

(b)(1)(ii)(C) 
A site-specific safety and health plan which need not repeat the employer's standard operating procedures required in paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(F) of this section;

(b)(1)(ii)(D) 
The safety and health training program;

(b)(1)(ii)(E) 
The medical surveillance program;

(b)(1)(ii)(F) 
The employer's standard operating procedures for safety and health; and

(b)(1)(ii)(G) 
Any necessary interface between general program and site specific activities.


# JobHazReq

Job:
Emergency Response Team Second Alternate


# MedicalHelp

Required Med Surveillance:
Red cell, white cell, platelet counts, white blood cell differential, hematacrit and red cell indices

Suggested Med Surveillance:
Med exam focusing on liver, kidneys, nervous system and skin. Measure liver/kidney function. CBC and blood platelet counts


Suggested Med Surveillance:
Chest exam, low dose exposure identification is unlikely


Required Med Surveillance:
Med exam 36 mo for those younger than 45 yrs, then annually; Focus on liver, kidney, nervous system, and skin. Measure liver/kidney function. Lab tests include Hemoglobin and hematocrit, Alanie aminotransferase, Post-shift carboxyhemoglobin

Suggested Med Surveillance:
Med exam focusing on liver, kidney, nervous system, and skin. Measure liver/kidney function. Carboxyhemolobin measurements; where relevant


Required Med Surveillance:
Med exam annually, unless working with VC for over 10 yrs, then 6 mo. Serum sample tested for Total bilirubin, Alkaline phosphatase, Srum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, Gamma glustamyl transpeptidase

Suggested Med Surveillance:
Med exam focusing on liver, kidney, nervous system, and skin. Measure liver/kidney function. Carboxyhemoglobin measurements; where relevant


Required Med Surveillance:
Med exam annually and include 14"  by 17" posterioranterior chest X-ray, nasal and skin examinations which the physician believes appropriate.

Suggested Med Surveillance:
Measure metal contents of blood urine and tissue. Measure liver/kidney function. CBC. Anemic, or gastrointestinal problems


Required Med Surveillance:
Med exam annually and tests include Cadmium in urine, Beta-2 microglobulin in urin, Cadmium in blood, Pulmonary function tests, Urinalysis of albumin, glucose, and total and low molecular weight proteins

Suggested Med Surveillance:
Measure metal contents of tissue. Measure liver/kidney function. CBC. Anemic, or gastrointestinal problems


Required Med Surveillance:
Med exam every 6 mo and Blood lead and Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels with a 95% confidence interval and within plus or minus 15 percent or 6 ug/dl, whichever is greater. Serum creatinine and urinalysis with microscopic examination. Blood pressure

Suggested Med Surveillance:
Measure metal contents of  tissue. Measure liver/kidney function. CBC. Anemic, or gastrointestinal problems


Suggested Med Surveillance:
Med exam focusing on nervous system and system. Measure liver/kidney function, Urinalysis


Suggested Med Surveillance:
Med exam focusing on nervous system. Measure liver/kidney function. CBC for cyclohexanes


Suggested Med Surveillance:
Med exam focusing on nervous system. RBC cholinesterase levels. Measure delayed neurotoxic effects.


Suggested Med Surveillance:
Med exam focusing on skin and liver. Serum PCB levels, Trighlyceride and cholesterol levels. Measure liver function.


Required Med Surveillance:
Yearly exam for follicle stimulation hormore, lutenizing hormone and total estrogen


Required Med Surveillance:
Yearly exam with the following exams nervous system, gastrointestinal system, respiratory system, skin and thyroid


Required Med Surveillance:
Yearly med exam specific for pulmonary, hematologic neurologic, and reproductive systems and to the eyes and skin. Lab tests for WBC, RBC, hematocrit, and hemoglobin.


Required Med Surveillance:
Med exam when irritation or sensitization of the skin and respiratory system, shortness of breath, or irritation of the eyes. Forced Vital lung Capacity


Required Med Surveillance:
Yearly med exam include history potential liver toxins, liver function tests and skin examinations, and urinalysis


Required Med Surveillance:
Yearly med exam with special emphasis on the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and skin; and a CBC; other tests the physician feels appropriate.


# Outline

ChapterName:
1. Personnel Responsible for Job Hazard Analysis


ChapterName:
4. Job-Specific Hazards and Hazard Controls


ChapterName:
Chapter 6. Personal Protective Equipment


ChapterName:
1. Personnel Responsible for PPE Program


ChapterName:
5. Procedures for Determining Work Duration


ChapterName:
Chapter 8. Thermal Stress Prevention Program


ChapterName:
5. Handling and Management of Monitoring Data


ChapterName:
1. Hot Work Authorization and Designated Hot Work Areas


ChapterName:
2. Hot Work Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)


ChapterName:
5. Roles/Responsibilities for On-Site and Off-Site Personnel


ChapterName:
7. Emergency Medical Treatment and First Aid


ChapterName:
8. Emergency Response Critique and Plan Updates


ChapterName:
1. Potential Spills and Available Controls


ChapterName:
3. Local/State/Federal Agency Representative and Their Roles and Responsibilities


ChapterName:
Chapter 13. Permit-Required Confined Spaces Programs


ChapterName:
2. Identification and Evaluation of Confined Spaces


ChapterName:
1. Training Program Responsibility and Recordkeeping


ChapterName:
2. Training in addition to HAZWOPER training


ChapterName:
4. Specialized Training for Managers and Supervisors


ChapterName:
Chapter 5. Medical Surveillance Requirements


ChapterName:
3. Communication Between the Site, Physicians, and Workers


ChapterName:
Chapter 12. Standard Operating Procedures


ChapterName:
1. Decontamination Responsibility and Recordkeeping


ChapterName:
2. Decontamination Procedures for Personnel and PPE


ChapterName:
3. Decontamination Procedures for Equipment


ChapterName:
1. Site Control Program Responsibility and Site Access


ChapterName:
Chapter 15. Hazardous Energy Control Program


ChapterName:
1. Overall Hazardous Energy Control Program


ChapterName:
2. Hazardous Energy Control Procedures and LOTO Devices (click on sections a-e below)


ChapterName:
2b. Equipment Identification and Authorized Employees


# Physical

Measurement Range:
Continuous, intermittent, and impulsive noise within an 80 to 130 dB range (OSHA)

General Description:
Noise is unwanted sound that is a by-product of many industrial processes.  Sound consists of pressure changes in a medium (usually air), caused by vibration or turbulance.  These pressure changes produce waves eminating away from the turbulent or vibrating source. (OSHA)

TLV NOTES:
FOR MEASUREMENT: SLOW RESPONSE; RANGE=80-140 dB; EXCHANGE RATE OF 3 dB; CRITERION LEVEL OF 85 dBA.

PEL NOTES:
SEE 29 CFR 1910.95; IMPULSIVE OR IMPACT NOISE EXPOSURE SHOULD NOT EXCEED 140dB PEAK; FOR MEASUREMENT: SLOW RESPONSE; RANGE=80-130dB; EXCHANGE RATE OF 5dB; CRITERION LEVEL OF 90dBA

REL NOTES:
FOR MEASUREMENT: SLOW RESPONSE; RANGE=80-140 dB; EXCHANGE RATE OF 3 dB; CRITERION LEVEL OF 85 dBA.

Symptoms:
Tinnitus, a ringing or roaring sound, sometimes described as the sound of crickets in one or both ears, can accompany both immediate and gradual hearing loss. (NIOSH)

Health Effects:
Exposure to high levels of noise causes hearing loss and may cause other harmful health effects as well.  Noise-induced hearing loss can be temporary or permanent.  Temporary hearing loss results from short-term exposures to noise, with normal hearing returning after a period of rest.  Generally, prolonged exposure to high noise levels over a period of time gradually causes permanent damage.  In addition to its effects on hearing, noise may also: interfere with understanding speech, cause a stress reaction, interfere with sleep, lower morale, reduce efficiency, cause annoyance, interfere with concentration, and cause fatigue. (OSHA)

87-88 TLV Notes:
CEILING IS FOR IMPULSIVE OR IMPACT NOISE; FOR MEASUREMENT: SLOW RESPONSE; RANGE=80-140 dB; EXCHANGE RATE OF 5 dB; CRITERION LEVEL OF 85 dBA.

86 REL Notes:
FOR MEASUREMENT: SLOW RESPONSE; RANGE=80-140 dB; EXCHANGE RATE OF 5 dB; CRITERION LEVEL OF 85 dBA.


# PickList

PickList:
Inclement Weather - Lightning and High Winds


PickList:
Inclement Weather - Snow, rain, and other precipitation


PickList:
Lead in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1025


PickList:
Cadmium in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1027


PickList:
Benzene in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1028


PickList:
Bloodborne pathogens in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1030


PickList:
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1044


PickList:
Acrylonitrile in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1045


PickList:
Ethylene oxide in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1047


PickList:
Formaldehyde in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1048


PickList:
Methylenedianiline in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1050


PickList:
Portable fire extinguishers in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.157


PickList:
Health hazard monitoring procedures and techniques


PickList:
Management of hazardous waste site cleanup operations


PickList:
Communication with the press and local community


PickList:
Constructing soil erosion control measures


PickList:
Regulatory review including changes to pertinent provisions of EPA or OSHA standards or laws


PickList:
Review of biological hazards including bloodborne pathogens


PickList:
Review of PPE including levels of protection


PickList:
Use emergency response equipment (ambulance, ventilator, electrical generator)


PickList:
Utilities (electrical, gas, water, etc.) - Overhead


PickList:
Utilities (electrical, gas, water, etc.) - Underground


PickList:
Hazardous atmosphere or potential for it


PickList:
Physician's medical opinion of fitness for respirator protection (pre-placement, periodic)


PickList:
Direct emergency operations (Incident Commander)


PickList:
Confined space tripod emergency rescue unit


PickList:
Coordinate communication with those outside site


PickList:
Spill, control, and countermeasure inspection


PickList:
Bloodborne Pathogens (Hepatitis B or C, HIV)


PickList:
Histoplasmosis - Bird Droppings/Bat Guana


PickList:
Respirable dust sampler [Indicate type(s)]


PickList:
Water or liquid rinse using pressurized or gravity flow


PickList:
Fully encapsulating suit and hard hat removal


PickList:
Stand with hands on waist or grab partner's wrist


PickList:
Arms horizontal and circling out to sides


PickList:
Single pole type circuit breaker lockout


PickList:
Double pole type circuit breaker lockout


PickList:
Hazard communication, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1200


PickList:
Lockout/tagout in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.147


PickList:
Respirator use, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.134


PickList:
Hearing conservation, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.95


PickList:
Trenching and excavations, in accordance with 29 CFR 1926.651


PickList:
Concrete and masonry construction, in accordance with 29 CFR 1926.701-706


PickList:
Scaffolds, in accordance with 29 CFR 1926.451-454.


PickList:
Process safety management in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.119


PickList:
Asbestos in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1001


PickList:
4-Nitrobiphenyl in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1003


PickList:
alpha-Naphthylamine in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1003


PickList:
Methyl chloromethyl ether in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1003


PickList:
3,3'-dichlorobenzidine (and its salts) in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1003


PickList:
bis-Chloromethyl ether in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1003


PickList:
beta-Naphthylamine in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1003


PickList:
Benzidine in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1003


PickList:
4-Aminodiphenyl in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1003


PickList:
Ethyleneimine in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1003


PickList:
beta-Propiolactone in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1003


PickList:
2-Acetylaminofluorene in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1003


PickList:
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1003


PickList:
N-Nitrosodimethylamine in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1003


PickList:
Vinyl chloride in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1017


PickList:
Inorganic arsenic in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1018


PickList:
Methyl chloromethyl ether (1910.1003, 1926.1103)


PickList:
Coordinate communications with those outside site


# QuestionText

QuestionText:
The chemicals listed below have specific medical surveillance requirements in Subpart Z of the OSHA regulations. These requirements may be more extensive than HAZWOPER requirements. Scroll through the list and select any of these chemicals that are present at your site. Your written plan will contain a statement that these chemicals are present and that your site complies with related OSHA medical surveillance requirements. You should review these requirements and edit your medical surveillance plan accordingly.

The text of these OSHA requirements is available on the OSHA website.


QuestionText:
From the following list, please indicate what items are stored in a worker's medical records. You can type in items that do not appear on this list.


QuestionText:
How frequently is the medical surveillance program for this site reviewed to ensure its ongoing effectiveness ?


QuestionText:
* To minimize the potential for a hazardous spill, hazardous substance and contaminated soils, control/absorbent media, drums and containers, and other contaminated materials are properly stored and labeled.


QuestionText:
* When a spill occurs, only those persons involved in overseeing or performing spill containment  operations will be allowed within the designated hazard areas.  If necessary, the area will be roped, ribboned or otherwise blocked off.  Unauthorized personnel are kept clear of the spill area.


QuestionText:
* Appropriate PPE, as specified during the pre-cleanup meeting, is donned before entering the spill area.


QuestionText:
* Appropriate spill control measures are specified in the pre-cleanup meeting and applied during spill response.


QuestionText:
* Whenever possible without endangerment of personnel, the spill is stopped at the source or as close to the source as possible.


QuestionText:
* Ignition points are removed if fire or explosion hazards exist.


QuestionText:
* Surrounding reactive materials are removed.


QuestionText:
* Drains or drainage in the spill area will be blocked or surrounded by berms to exclude the spilled waste and any materials applied to it.


QuestionText:
* Provisions are made to contain and recover a neutralizing solution, if used.


QuestionText:
* Small spills or leaks from a drum, tank, or pipe will require evacuation of at least __ feet in all directions to allow cleanup and to prevent employee exposure.  For small spills, sorbent materials such as sand, sawdust, or commercial sorbents (see Table 9-1 above for site-specific sorbent media) are placed directly on the waste to prevent further spreading and aid in recovery.


QuestionText:
* If any spill is large and/or continuing, an initial isolation area of at least __ feet in all directions is used.  Large spills are diked at the leading edge of the spill.  Berms of earthen or sorbent material are constructed downstream of the leading edge of the spill to contain it.  Where feasible, pumps are utilized to transfer the liquid to appropriate containers.


QuestionText:
* Spill area is sprayed with appropriate foam where the possibility of volatile emissions exist.


QuestionText:
* If the spill results in the formation of a toxic vapor cloud, from vaporization, or reaction with surrounding materials or by the outbreak of fire,  further evacuation may be required.


QuestionText:
* To dispose of spill waste, all contaminated sorbents, liquid waste, or earthen material will be cleaned up and placed in small quantities (__ pounds) in approved drums for proper storage or disposal as hazardous waste.


QuestionText:
The PM has responsibility and authority to direct all work operations.  The PM coordinates safety and health functions with the Site Safety and Health Officer (SSHO),  has the authority to oversee and monitor the performance of the SSHO, and bears ultimate responsibility for the proper implementation of this HASP. The specific duties of the PM are:

Preparing and coordinating the site work plan; providing site supervisor(s) with work assignments and overseeing their performance; coordinating safety and health efforts with the SSHO; ensuring effective emergency response through coordination with the Emergency Response Coordinator (ERC); serving as primary site liaison with public agencies and officials and site contractors.


QuestionText:
The SSHO has full responsibility and authority to develop and implement this HASP and to verify compliance.  The SSHO reports to the Project Manager.  The SSHO is on site or readily accessible to the site during all work operations and has the authority to halt site work if unsafe conditions are detected.  The specific responsibilities of the SSHO are:

Managing the safety and health functions on this site; serving as the site’s point of contact for safety and health matters; ensuring site monitoring, worker training, and effective selection and use of PPE; assessing site conditions for unsafe acts and conditions and providing corrective action; assisting the preparation and review of this HASP; maintaining effective safety and health records as described in this HASP; coordinating with the Emergency Response Coordinator (ERC), Site Supervisor(s), and others as necessary for safety and health efforts.


QuestionText:
The ERC is responsible for assessing site conditions and directing and controlling emergency response activities in accordance with the Site Emergency Response Plan.  The ERC reports to the Project Manager (PM).  The ERC will ensure the evacuation, emergency transport, and treatment of site personnel and will notify the appropriate emergency response units and management staff in accordance with the emergency response plan of this HASP.  Specific duties of the ERC include:

Developing and reviewing the emergency response plan; conducting emergency response rehearsals; ensuring effective emergency response to and evacuation of the site; coordinating emergency response functions with the Site Safety and Health Officer (SSHO), and integrating site emergency response plans with the disaster, fire, and/or emergency response plans of local, state, and federal organizations and agencies.


QuestionText:
The Site Supervisor is responsible for field operations and reports to the Project Manager (PM).  The Site Supervisor ensures the implementation of the HASP requirements and procedures in the field.  The specific responsibilities of the Site Supervisor are:

Executing the work plan and schedule as detailed by the PM; coordination with the Site Safety and Health Officer (SSHO) on safety and health; ensuring site work compliance with the requirements of this HASP.


QuestionText:
Site workers are responsible for complying with this HASP, using the proper PPE, reporting unsafe acts and conditions, and following the work and safety and health instructions of the Project Manager (PM), Site Safety and Health Officer (SSHO), and Site Supervisor.


QuestionText:
The Decontamination Manager is responsible for decontamination procedures, equipment, and supplies.  The Decontamination Manager ensures the implementation of the HASP requirements and procedures for decontamination when exiting the field.  The specific responsibilities of the Decontamination Manager are:

Setting up decontamination lines and the solutions appropriate for the type of chemical contamination on site; controlling the decontamination of all equipment, personnel and samples from the contaminated areas; assisting in disposal of contaminated clothing and materials; ensuring all required equipment is available and in working order; and providing for collection, storage and disposal of waste.


QuestionText:
The Security Officer is responsible for managing and maintaining site security.  The specific responsibilities of the Security Officer are:

Conducting routine area patrols; controlling facility access and egress; assisting with communication during an emergency; securing accident/incident scenes; maintaining a log of site access and egress.


QuestionText:
Serving either in the capacity as On-Scene Coordinator (OSC), Remedial Project Manager (RPM), or Site Inspection Officer (SIO), the EPA Representative is responsible for overall project administration and contractor oversight.  As part of that oversight function, EPA will ensure that project plans meet OSHA requirements at a minimum, and that the health and safety of all site personnel is a primary concern.  As an OSC or RPM, EPA serves in the capacity of site supervisor.


QuestionText:
The OSHA Representative can serve a variety of functions with the primary responsibility of protecting the health and safety of site workers through on-site consultation, on-site technical assistance, and enforcement of OSHA standards.  The OSHA Representative may also coordinate with other Federal, State, and local governmental organizations and provide advice and consultation on worker health and safety regulations.


Section:
Technical Assistance Team Representative (TAT)

QuestionText:
The Technical Assistance Team is responsible for providing the On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) with assistance and support in regards to all technical, regulatory, and safety aspects of site activity.   The TAT is also available to advise the OSC on matters relating to sampling, treatment, packaging, labeling, transport, and disposal of hazardous materials.


Section:
Subcontractors to Technical Assistance Team Representative

QuestionText:
The TAT subcontractors are responsible for providing the TAT and On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) with assistance and support in regards to all technical, regulatory, and safety aspects of site activity.  The TAT subcontractors are also available to advise the TAT on matters relating sampling, treatment, packaging, labeling, transport, and disposal of hazardous materials.


Section:
Emergency Response Contractor System (ERCS)

QuestionText:
The ERCS organizations are responsible for supplying personnel and emergency equipment for emergency removal operations under On-Scene Coordinator's (OSC) oversight.  The ERCS is also responsible for ensuring that safety aspects of the removal project are implemented and technical progress is constant.


Section:
Subcontractors to Emergency Response Contractor System

QuestionText:
The ERCS subcontractors are responsible for supplying personnel and emergency equipment for emergency removal operations under the ERCS and On-Scene Coordinator's (OSC) oversight.  The ERCS subcontractors are also responsible for ensuring that safety aspects of the removal project are implemented and technical progress is constant under the direction of the ERCS.


QuestionText:
The FIT contractors are responsible for data collection activities in response to planned removals under the Remedial Project Manager's (RPM) oversight.  The FIT program is primarily involved in remedial investigations (RI) and feasibility studies (FS).


Section:
Subcontractors to Field Investigation Team

QuestionText:
The FIT subcontractors are responsible for data collection activities in response to planned removals under the FIT and Remedial Project Manager's (RPM) oversight.  The FIT program is primarily involved in remedial investigations (RI) and feasibility studies (FS).


QuestionText:
The REM contractors are responsible for data collection activities solely for the remedial investigation (RI).  REM contractors are also responsible for feasibility studies (FS), which culminate in RI/FS reports in support of EPA’s remedial programs.


QuestionText:
Cutting and welding is performed only by suitably trained workers.


QuestionText:
Site subcontractors who may perform hot work or who work in proximity to hot work operations are advised about the location of flammable materials or hazardous conditions.


QuestionText:
Combustibles are removed from the area or protected where the work cannot be moved to designated fire safe areas.


QuestionText:
Openings or cracks in flooring or walls, open doorways, and open or broken windows are effectively closed or precautions taken to protect readily combustible material onto which sparks or slag may drop.


QuestionText:
Suitable fire extinguishing equipment is maintained and ready for use at all welding or cutting operations.


QuestionText:
Combustible materials are cleared within a minimum radius of 35 feet around welding or cutting operations or, where it is not possible to clear the area, the combustibles are protected with appropriate covers or shields.


QuestionText:
Where floors or surrounding ground are wetted, arc welding or cutting equipment operators wear appropriate PPE in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 Subpart I (Personal Protective Equipment).


QuestionText:
has the authority and responsibility to interrupt other site operations that might expose combustibles to ignition during cutting and welding.


QuestionText:
Hot work is not performed on drums, barrels, tanks, or other containers until they have been thoroughly cleaned and it is determined that hot work operations on the vessel will not produce flammable or toxic vapors.


QuestionText:
Pipelines or connections to drums or other containers are disconnected or blanked prior to hot work.


QuestionText:
All hollow spaces, cavities, and containers are thoroughly vented, and preferably purged with inert gas, to allow escape of air or gases prior to any preheating, cutting, or welding.


QuestionText:
Confined spaces: where arc welding is performed, all electrodes are removed from holders, the holders are carefully located to prevent accidental contact, and the power source to the machine is disconnected when work is suspended for any substantial period of time, such as during lunch hour or overnight.


QuestionText:
Confined spaces: torch valves shall be closed and the gas supply to the torch positively shut off at some point outside the confined space on all gas welding or cutting equipment when the torch is not to be used for a substantial period of time, such as during lunch hour or overnight.


QuestionText:
Decontamination is required for all equipment exiting a contaminated area.  Equipment may re-enter the Support Zone only after undergoing the equipment decontamination procedures described in the table below (Table 10-3, Site-specific Equipment Decontamination Procedures).


QuestionText:
Vehicles that travel regularly between the contaminated and clean areas of the site are carefully decontaminated each time they exit the Exclusion Zone and the effectiveness of that decontamination is monitored to reduce the likelihood that contamination will be spread to other parts of the site.


QuestionText:
Particular attention is given to decontaminating tires, scoops, and other parts of heavy equipment that are directly exposed to contaminants and contaminated soil.


QuestionText:
Decontamination is required for all workers exiting a contaminated area.  Personnel may re-enter the Support Zone only after undergoing the decontamination procedures described below in the next section.


QuestionText:
Protective clothing is decontaminated, cleaned, laundered, maintained and/or replaced as needed to ensure its effectiveness.


QuestionText:
PPE used at this site that requires maintenance or parts replacement is decontaminated prior to repairs or service.


QuestionText:
PPE used at this site is decontaminated or prepared for disposal on the premises.  Personnel who handle contaminated equipment have been trained in the proper means to do so to avoid hazardous exposure.


QuestionText:
This site uses an off-site laundry for decontamination of PPE.  The site has informed that facility of the hazards associated with contaminated PPE from this site.


QuestionText:
The site requires and trains workers that if their permeable clothing is splashed or becomes wetted with a hazardous substance, they will immediately exit the work zone, perform applicable decontamination procedures, shower, and change into uncontaminated clothing.


QuestionText:
Procedures for disposal of decontamination waste meet applicable local, State, and Federal regulations.


QuestionText:
Security is maintained in the Support Zone and at Access Control Points to ensure only authorized entrants access the site.


QuestionText:
A fence or other physical barrier is erected around the perimeter of the site to prevent unauthorized entry or exit.


QuestionText:
Signs have been posted around the perimeter of the site to warn of the site dangers and prohibition of unauthorized entry.


QuestionText:
Site personnel patrol the perimeter of the site.


QuestionText:
Trained in-house site personnel are used for site surveillance.


QuestionText:
An outside contractor is used for site surveillance.


QuestionText:
A local police department is used for site surveillance.


QuestionText:
All doors to buildings and/or trailers are locked and equipment is secured.


QuestionText:
Sampling results for air and surface contaminants.


QuestionText:
Physical, chemical, toxicological, and other characteristics of substances present.


QuestionText:
Physical and topographical features of the site.


QuestionText:
Weather conditions, particularly the direction of prevailing winds relative to the locations of the support zone and other uncontaminated areas onsite.


QuestionText:
Potential for explosion and flying debris.


QuestionText:
Check in and out of this zone at the designated access point(s).


QuestionText:
Wear the PPE required for this zone (see PPE section of this HASP).


QuestionText:
Perform air monitoring as required for this zone (see Exposure Monitoring section of this HASP).


QuestionText:
Monitor self and buddy for signs of heat or cold stress or chemical overexposure.


QuestionText:
Alert supervisor to signs of changing or unanticipated hazards.


QuestionText:
Monitor self and buddy for PPE rips, tears, and/or damage.


QuestionText:
Use monitoring equipment and tools that are safe for the working environment.


QuestionText:
Use ground-fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) when necessary to prevent electric shock.


QuestionText:
Use three-wire grounded extension cords for portable electric tools and appliances.


QuestionText:
Keep loose-fitting clothing or loose long hair away from moving machinery.


QuestionText:
Use signaling to direct heavy equipment operating in tight quarters.


QuestionText:
No refueling engines while equipment is running.


QuestionText:
No ignition sources within 50 feet of refueling areas.


QuestionText:
Lower all blades and buckets to the ground and set parking brakes before shutting off vehicles.


QuestionText:
Never exceed the rated load capacity of a vehicle.


QuestionText:
Perform air and surface sampling as required for this zone (see Exposure Monitoring section of this HASP).


QuestionText:
Check in and out of this zone at the designated site access point(s).


QuestionText:
When carrying out activities in the Exclusion Zone, workers should use the buddy system to ensure that rapid response is provided in the event of an emergency.  Workers on this site are organized into workgroups so that each worker is designated to be observed by at least one other worker.  During initial site entry, an evaluation is made to determine if more than one person is necessary to provide back-up in the buddy system. 
The responsibilities of workers utilizing the buddy system include:
     -Providing his or her partner with assistance;
     -Observing his or her partner for signs of chemical or heat exposure;
     -Periodically checking the integrity of his or her partner's personal protective equipment; and 
     -Notifying the site manager or other site personnel if emergency assistance is needed.
Workers are not to rely entirely on the buddy system to ensure that help will be provided in the event of an emergency.  To augment this system, workers in contaminated areas are to remain in line-of-sight or communication contact with the command post or site manager at all times.


QuestionText:
* The atmosphere contains measured/ potentially high concentrations of airborne vapors, gases, or particulate.
* Site tasks/operations have a high potential for splash, immersion, or exposure to unexpected vapors, gases, or particulate of materials that are harmful to skin or capable of being absorbed through the skin.
* Site tasks/operations may result in exposure to unexpected vapors, gases, or particulates that are harmful to/capable of being absorbed through the skin
* The atmosphere contains or is suspected to contain substances with a high degree of hazard to the skin, and skin contact is possible during site tasks/operations.
* Some site tasks/operations will be conducted in confined/ poorly ventilated areas where the absence of conditions requiring Level A has not yet been determined.


QuestionText:
* The identity and concentration of site contaminants are known and a high degree of respiratory protection is needed.
* The atmosphere contains hazardous substances at concentrations exceeding the published exposure limit for which there is no available cartridge/canister.
* The atmosphere contains hazardous substances at concentrations which exceed the use limits (rating or maximum use factor) of the available air purifying respiratory protection.
* Contact with hazardous substances is likely, but the contaminants do not pose a skin absorption hazard.
* The atmosphere contains less than 19.5 percent oxygen.
*The atmosphere contains incompletely identified hazardous substances, but the presence of high levels of chemicals harmful to/capable of being absorbed through the skin is unlikely.
*The atmospheres contains IDLH concentrations of specific substances that present severe inhalation hazards but do not pose a skin absorption hazard.


QuestionText:
* Liquid splashes, atmospheric conditions, or other direct contact with hazardous substances exist or are likely but will not adversely affect or be absorbed through exposed skin.
* The atmosphere contains hazardous substances at concentrations which can be adequately controlled using an available air-purifying respirator and cartridge/canister. 
* IDLH conditions are not present.
*The atmosphere contains between 19.5 and 23.5% oxygen.


QuestionText:
* The atmosphere contains no known or suspected hazardous substances at concentrations that meet or exceed the published exposure limit. 
* Contact with  hazardous levels of any chemicals through splashes, immersion, or by other means will not occur.
* There is no potential for unexpected inhalation or contact with hazardous levels of any chemical.


QuestionText:
* Physiological requirements of the task


QuestionText:
* Respiratory protection capacity (air supply or cartridge change requirements)


QuestionText:
* Chemical protective clothing capacity  (permeation rate of on-site materials)


# Reference

Reference:
Four times daily - twice in morning and twice in afternoon.


Reference:
Twice daily - once in morning and once in afternoon


Reference:
site activity increases airborne contaminants possibilities


Reference:
vapor levels two-three times above background


Reference:
particulate levels two-three times above background


Reference:
Site characterization and analysis, Sec. 3.0


Reference:
Training requirements, Sec. 4.0; [29 CFR 1910.120(e)]


Reference:
Pressurized air cylinders, [29 CDR 1910.101(b)]


Reference:
Personnel protective equipment, Sec. 5.0


Reference:
Air Monitoring, Sec. 7.0; [29 CFR 1910.120(h)]


Reference:
Emergency response plan, Sec. 10.0; [29 CFR 1910.120(l)]


Reference:
U.S. EPA, OERR ERT Standard Operating Safety Guides


Reference:
NIOSH/OSHA/USCG/EPA Occ. Health and Safety Guidelines


Reference:
Flame Ionization Detector (FID) with Gas Chromatography Option


Reference:
Ultraviolet (UV) Photoionization Detector (PID)


Reference:
Chemical degradation, i.e., Saranex, tyvek, neoprene gloves, etc.


Reference:
Protective clothing permeability, and chemical resistance.


Reference:
Effects of temperature extremes on personal protective clothing.


Reference:
Handling drums and containers, [29 CFR 1910.120(j)]


Reference:
Confined space entry procedure, Sec. 11.0


